Electronic Supplementary Material 1
Growth and reproduction response differently to climate in three moist Neotropical tree species
Raquel Alfaro Sánchez1, Helene C. Muller-Landau2, S. Joseph Wright2, J. Julio Camarero3
Content:
Supplementary Methods
Supplementary Tables
Tables S1-S4
Supplementary Figures
Figures S1-S4
Supplementary Methods
Definition of the beginning and end dates of the dry season at Barro Colorado Island
At Barro Colorado Island (BCI), the Net Water Balance (rainfall – (run-off + evaporation)) was calculated and used to define the first and last dates of the dry season for 1972 through 2014 (S. Paton, unpublished data). Dry season was defined as the moment when the 10-day running total Net Water Balance becomes negative after November 1. Wet season was defined as the moment that the same 10-day balance became positive. However, run-off and evapotranspiration are not available before 1972, and the ring-width chronologies for Tetragastris and Trichilia begin in 1939. Therefore, to define the beginning and end of the dry season for the 1930-2014 period we used rainfall data.
Estimates of dry-season length based on rainfall data
First, we assumed a fixed value of 5 mm for daily evapotranspiration rate. Second, we calculated a daily water balance by subtracting the 5 mm from the daily rainfall. Third, we counted the number of consecutive days with negative water balance. We defined the first day of the dry season as the first day following a 15-day period of consecutive days with negative water deficit; this date was usually defined between November 1 and February 15. During extremely dry years, we found negative water balance (water deficit) during all days between November 1 and February 15 (e.g., the start of the dry season in 1998). For these exceptional years we defined the first date of the dry season following the day with the lowest water balance between November 1 and February 15. We defined the end date of the dry season as the first day following a period of 11 consecutive days with increasing positive water balance values; this date was usually defined between March 16 and May 30. The complete list of the beginning and end dates of the dry season based on rainfall data from 1930 to 2014 can be found in Table S1.
Comparison of dry season lengths based on the two different methods
We compared dry season length based on rainfall data to dry season length based on net water balance for the common period 1972- 2014. We found a dry-season length variation of 1±7 days between the two methods. This low margin of variation indicates that the method based only on rainfall data is suitable to calculate dry season length.
Supplementary Tables
Table S1. Beginning and end dates of the dry season estimated at Barro Colorado Island based on rainfall data for the 1930-2014 period.
YEAR / Dry seasonstart date / Dry season start (day-of-year) / Dry season end date / Dry season end (day-of-year) / Dry season length (days) / Wet season length (days)
1930 / 4-Dec-29 / 338 / 17-Apr-30 / 107 / 135 / 241
1931 / 14-Dec-30 / 348 / 22-mar-31 / 81 / 99 / 265
1932 / 11-Dec-31 / 346 / 29-Apr-32 / 89 / 109 / 252
1933 / 7-Dec-32 / 341 / 08-may-33 / 128 / 154 / 226
1934 / 20-Dec-33 / 354 / 21-mar-34 / 80 / 92 / 273
1935 / 19-Dec-34 / 353 / 13-Apr-35 / 103 / 116 / 254
1936 / 22-Dec-35 / 357 / 03-may-36 / 124 / 133 / 210
1937 / 30-Nov-36 / 334 / 03-may-37 / 123 / 156 / 233
1938 / 22-Dec-37 / 356 / 28-Apr-38 / 118 / 128 / 240
1939 / 24-Dec-38 / 358 / 09-jun-39 / 160 / 168 / 208
1940 / 3-Jan-40 / 3 / 27-may-40 / 148 / 146 / 181
1941 / 25-Nov-40 / 329 / 01-may-41 / 121 / 159 / 229
1942 / 16-Dec-41 / 350 / 15-Apr-42 / 105 / 121 / 259
1943 / 30-Dec-42 / 364 / 22-Apr-43 / 112 / 114 / 247
1944 / 24-Dec-43 / 359 / 26-Apr-44 / 117 / 124 / 241
1945 / 24-Dec-44 / 358 / 30-Apr-45 / 120 / 129 / 223
1946 / 9-Dec-45 / 343 / 14-may-46 / 134 / 157 / 220
1947 / 20-Dec-46 / 354 / 27-Apr-47 / 117 / 129 / 228
1948 / 10-Dec-47 / 345 / 28-Apr-48 / 119 / 140 / 213
1949 / 28-Nov-48 / 332 / 12-may-49 / 132 / 167 / 231
1950 / 29-Dec-49 / 363 / 27-Apr-50 / 117 / 120 / 240
1951 / 23-Dec-50 / 357 / 21-Apr-51 / 111 / 120 / 241
1952 / 17-Dec-51 / 352 / 6-Apr-52 / 97 / 111 / 261
1953 / 24-Dec-52 / 358 / 26-Apr-53 / 116 / 125 / 220
1954 / 2-Dec-53 / 336 / 23-Apr-54 / 113 / 143 / 270
1955 / 19-Jan-55 / 19 / 01-may-55 / 121 / 103 / 250
1956 / 6-Jan-56 / 6 / 03-may-56 / 124 / 119 / 228
1957 / 18-Dec-56 / 352 / 11-may-57 / 131 / 146 / 173
1958 / 31-oct-57 / 304 / 20-mar-58 / 79 / 141 / 258
1959 / 3-Dec-58 / 337 / 29-Apr-59 / 119 / 148 / 225
1960 / 9-Dec-59 / 344 / 22-mar-60 / 82 / 104 / 267
1961 / 15-Dec-60 / 349 / 21-Apr-61 / 111 / 129 / 234
1962 / 11-Dec-61 / 345 / 04-may-62 / 124 / 145 / 251
1963 / 11-Jan-63 / 11 / 27-Apr-63 / 117 / 107 / 219
1964 / 1-Dec-63 / 336 / 21-Apr-64 / 112 / 142 / 227
1965 / 5-Dec-64 / 339 / 08-may-65 / 128 / 156 / 228
1966 / 22-Dec-65 / 356 / 17-Apr-66 / 107 / 117 / 253
1967 / 26-Dec-66 / 360 / 20-Apr-67 / 110 / 116 / 231
1968 / 6-Dec-67 / 341 / 05-may-68 / 126 / 151 / 207
1969 / 29-Nov-68 / 333 / 22-Apr-69 / 112 / 146 / 266
1970 / 14-Jan-70 / 14 / 7-Apr-70 / 97 / 84 / 264
1971 / 27-Dec-70 / 361 / 05-may-71 / 125 / 130 / 208
1972 / 28-Nov-71 / 333 / 17-Apr-72 / 108 / 141 / 251
1973 / 24-Dec-72 / 359 / 06-may-73 / 125 / 133 / 209
1974 / 30-Nov-73 / 334 / 23-may-74 / 142 / 174 / 201
1975 / 9-Dec-74 / 343 / 01-may-75 / 120 / 143 / 243
1976 / 29-Dec-75 / 363 / 16-may-76 / 136 / 139 / 184
1977 / 15-Nov-76 / 320 / 16-may-77 / 135 / 182 / 198
1978 / 29-Nov-77 / 333 / 13-Apr-78 / 102 / 135 / 226
1979 / 24-Nov-78 / 328 / 16-Apr-79 / 105 / 143 / 263
1980 / 3-Jan-80 / 3 / 05-may-80 / 125 / 123 / 274
1981 / 02-feb-81 / 33 / 13-Apr-81 / 102 / 70 / 271
1982 / 8-Jan-82 / 8 / 10-Apr-82 / 99 / 92 / 210
1983 / 05-Nov-82 / 309 / 26-Apr-83 / 115 / 172 / 252
1984 / 2-Jan-84 / 2 / 09-may-84 / 129 / 128 / 206
1985 / 30-Nov-84 / 335 / 03-may-85 / 122 / 154 / 221
1986 / 9-Dec-85 / 343 / 17-Apr-86 / 106 / 129 / 237
1987 / 9-Dec-86 / 343 / 4-Apr-87 / 93 / 116 / 258
1988 / 17-Dec-87 / 351 / 06-may-88 / 126 / 141 / 215
1989 / 6-Dec-88 / 341 / 13-may-89 / 132 / 158 / 231
1990 / 29-Dec-89 / 363 / 25-Apr-90 / 114 / 117 / 231
1991 / 11-Dec-90 / 345 / 02-may-91 / 121 / 142 / 219
1992 / 6-Dec-91 / 340 / 23-Apr-92 / 113 / 139 / 233
1993 / 11-Dec-92 / 346 / 21-Apr-93 / 110 / 131 / 245
1994 / 20-Dec-93 / 355 / 08-may-94 / 127 / 138 / 205
1995 / 28-Nov-94 / 332 / 2-Apr-95 / 91 / 125 / 291
1996 / 17-Jan-96 / 17 / 05-may-96 / 125 / 109 / 226
1997 / 16-Dec-96 / 351 / 04-may-97 / 123 / 139 / 195
1998 / 14-Nov-97 / 318 / 21-Apr-98 / 110 / 158 / 260
1999 / 5-Jan-99 / 5 / 9-Apr-99 / 98 / 94 / 277
2000 / 10-Jan-00 / 10 / 18-Apr-00 / 108 / 99 / 262
2001 / 4-Jan-01 / 4 / 12-may-01 / 131 / 128 / 250
2002 / 16-Jan-02 / 16 / 16-Apr-02 / 105 / 90 / 224
2003 / 25-Nov-02 / 329 / 20-Apr-03 / 109 / 146 / 254
2004 / 29-Dec-03 / 363 / 20-Apr-04 / 110 / 113 / 245
2005 / 20-Dec-04 / 355 / 28-mar-05 / 86 / 98 / 244
2006 / 26-Nov-05 / 330 / 23-mar-06 / 81 / 117 / 283
2007 / 29-Dec-06 / 364 / 3-Apr-07 / 92 / 94 / 268
2008 / 26-Dec-07 / 360 / 29-Apr-08 / 119 / 125 / 222
2009 / 6-Dec-08 / 341 / 13-may-09 / 132 / 158 / 203
2010 / 1-Dec-09 / 335 / 25-Apr-10 / 114 / 145 / 263
2011 / 12-Jan-11 / 12 / 05-may-11 / 124 / 113 / 233
2012 / 23-Dec-11 / 357 / 17-Apr-12 / 107 / 116 / 262
2013 / 3-Jan-13 / 3 / 08-may-13 / 127 / 125 / 225
2014 / 18-Dec-13 / 352 / 05-may-14 / 124 / 138 / 233
Table S2. Pearson correlations calculated by relating climate variables (rainfall, temperature and solar radiation) with climate indices (Sothern Oscillation Index, SOI; and El Niño-Southern Oscillation, ENSO) for the maximum time periods of data series available in Barro Colorado Island (1939-2014 for rainfall; 1972-2014 for temperature and 1984-2014 for solar radiation) (a) or for the period 1987-2014 for which all variables are available (b).
ENSO1.2 / ENSO3.4 / SOI / RD / RW / RDW / RWD / TmaxDW / TminDW / TDW / TmaxWD / TminWD / TWD / SrW / DSL / WSLENSO3 / 0.86*** / 0.93*** / -0.78*** / 0.07 / -0.39*** / -0.38*** / -0.38*** / 0.28 / 0.35* / 0.31* / 0.36* / 0.44** / 0.56*** / 0.34 / 0.23* / -0.19
ENSO1.2 / 0.67*** / -0.59*** / 0.06 / -0.32** / -0.30** / -0.30** / 0.29 / 0.17 / 0.16 / 0.32* / 0.28 / 0.44** / 0.44* / 0.32* / -0.20
ENSO3.4 / -0.87*** / 0.06 / -0.39*** / -0.38*** / -0.39*** / 0.16 / 0.44** / 0.33* / 0.30 / 0.50** / 0.55*** / 0.21 / 0.16 / -0.15
SOI / -0.07 / 0.34** / 0.33** / 0.34** / -0.07 / -0.53*** / -0.33* / -0.14 / -0.56*** / -0.41** / -0.11 / -0.21 / 0.14
RD / 0.01 / 0.14 / -0.02 / -0.25 / -0.08 / -0.23 / -0.25 / -0.15 / -0.26 / 0.16 / 0.23* / 0.04
RW / 0.99*** / 0.99*** / -0.21 / -0.06 / -0.12 / -0.19 / -0.12 / -0.15 / -0.17 / -0.25* / 0.55***
RDW / 0.98*** / -0.25 / -0.04 / -0.12 / -0.22 / -0.11 / -0.16 / -0.15 / -0.22 / 0.55***
RWD / -0.20 / 0.00 / -0.07 / -0.20 / -0.08 / -0.13 / -0.12 / -0.24* / 0.52***
TmaxDW / -0.07 / 0.60*** / 0.53*** / -0.09 / 0.41** / 0.01 / 0.02 / -0.06
TminDW / 0.67*** / -0.33* / 0.93*** / 0.31* / 0.19 / -0.11 / 0.09
TDW / 0.11 / 0.58*** / 0.52*** / -0.02 / -0.15 / 0.09
TmaxWD / -0.19 / 0.68*** / -0.08 / -0.11 / -0.07
TminWD / 0.49** / 0.29 / -0.22 / 0.09
TWD / 0.02 / -0.24 / 0.07
Srw / 0.14 / 0.08
DSL / -0.40***
a)
b)
ENSO3 / 0.86*** / 0.93*** / -0.78*** / -0.14 / -0.35 / -0.36 / -0.34 / 0.02 / 0.50* / 0.16 / 0.37 / 0.59** / 0.58** / 0.28 / 0.24 / -0.27
ENSO1.2 / 0.63*** / -0.51** / -0.12 / -0.34 / -0.35 / -0.31 / 0.01 / 0.21 / -0.04 / 0.33 / 0.34 / 0.43* / 0.42* / 0.36 / -0.22
ENSO3.4 / -0.90*** / -0.16 / -0.29 / -0.31 / -0.28 / -0.10 / 0.55** / 0.11 / 0.34 / 0.61** / 0.54** / 0.14 / 0.15 / -0.27
SOI / 0.14 / 0.26 / 0.27 / 0.23 / 0.20 / -0.64** / -0.08 / -0.16 / -0.68*** / -0.40* / -0.11 / -0.14 / 0.15
RD / 0.11 / 0.23 / 0.08 / -0.20 / -0.12 / -0.31 / -0.13 / -0.12 / -0.15 / 0.18 / 0.29 / 0.10
RW / 0.99*** / 0.99*** / -0.19 / -0.27 / -0.22 / -0.09 / -0.33 / -0.27 / -0.18 / -0.16 / 0.64***
RDW / 0.98*** / -0.22 / -0.28 / -0.27 / -0.11 / -0.33 / -0.29 / -0.15 / -0.12 / 0.64***
RWD / -0.17 / -0.24 / -0.18 / -0.09 / -0.30 / -0.25 / -0.12 / -0.12 / 0.62***
TmaxDW / 0.01 / 0.83*** / 0.51** / -0.16 / 0.42* / -0.14 / -0.01 / -0.18
TminDW / 0.47* / -0.20 / 0.86*** / 0.17 / 0.09 / 0.26 / -0.25
TDW / 0.33 / 0.26 / 0.43* / -0.19 / 0.09 / -0.16
TmaxWD / -0.06 / 0.86*** / -0.14 / -0.25 / -0.01
TminWD / 0.38 / 0.20 / 0.13 / -0.20
TWD / -0.08 / -0.16 / -0.10
Srw / 0.21 / -0.02
DSL / -0.35
Abbreviations: ENSO3, El Niño Southern Oscillation index defined by 90°–150 ° W and 5 °N –5 ° S; ENSO1.2, El Niño Southern Oscillation index defined by is the area defined by 80 °–90 °W and 0 °–10 °S; ENSO3.4, El Niño Southern Oscillation index defined by 120 °W–170°W and 5° N–5° S; SOI, Southern Oscillation Index based on air pressure differences between Tahiti and Darwin; RDW, wet-season rainfall and previous dry-season rainfall; RWD, wet-season rainfall and following dry-season rainfall; RD, dry-season rainfall; RW, wet-season rainfall; TDW, wet-season mean temperature and previous dry-season mean temperature; TminDW, wet-season mean minimum temperature and previous dry-season mean minimum temperature; TmaxDW, wet-season mean maximum temperature and previous dry-season mean maximum temperature; TWD, wet-season mean temperature and following dry-season mean temperature; TminWD, wet-season mean minimum temperature and following dry-season mean minimum temperature; TmaxWD, wet-season mean maximum temperature and following dry-season mean maximum temperature; SrW , wet-season solar radiation; DSL, dry-season length; WSL, wet-season length. Significance levels: ***P<0.001;**P<0.01; *P<0.05
Table S3. Pearson correlation coefficients and significance values (P) calculated by relating tree-ring widths, flower production and fruit production with climate variables in the current and previous years. Climate variable abbreviations are as in Table S2. Correlations of flower and fruit production with climate variables were calculated for 1987-2014. Correlations of tree growth with dry season rainfall (RD), wet season rainfall (RW), dry season length (DSL) and wet season length (WSL) were calculated for 1972-2014 in Jacaranda and for 1939-2014 in Tetragastris and Trichilia. Correlations of tree-growth with annual mean and minimum temperatures (TDW, TWD, TminWD, see Fig. 2) were calculated for 1972-2014 and with wet season solar radiation (Srw) were calculated for 1984-2014 in all species. Correlations between tree-growth and all climate variables were also calculated for the same period length as flowers and fruits (period 1987-2014).
Jacaranda / Period / Year / RD / RW / TDW / TminWD / TWD / SrW / DSL / WSLTree-growth¥ / 1972-2014 / Current / 0.00 (P=0.990) / 0.63 (P=0.000) / 0.02 (P=0.886) / -0.02 (P=0.891) / -0.05 (P=0.761) / -0.47 (P= 0.008) / 0.01 (P=0.954) / 0.11 (P=0.468)
Previous / -0.04 (P= 0.799) / -0.16 (P= 0.306) / 0.10 (P= 0.518) / 0.10 (P= 0.538) / 0.05 (P= 0.738) / 0.30 (P= 0.113) / -0.01 (P=0.972) / 0.04 (P=0.819)
Tree-growth* / 1972-2014 / Current / 0.02 (P=0.894) / 0.65 (P=0.000) / 0.01 (P=0.969) / -0.05 (P=0.733) / -0.05 (P=0.731) / -0.44 (P=0.013) / -0.01 (P=0.937) / 0.13 (P=0.397)
Previous / -0.12 (P=0.461) / -0.32 (P=0.039) / 0.00 (P=0.983) / 0.02 (P=0.909) / -0.01 (P=0.947) / 0.11 (P=0.550) / -0.18 (P=0.242) / -0.22 (P=0.168)