Chapter 4 – Sensation and Perception
1. / ______occur when certain receptors located in the various sensory organs are activated, allowing various forms of outside stimuli to become neural signals in the brain.a. / Cognitions
b. / Sensations
c. / Perceptions
d. / Emotions
2. / The lowest stimulus intensity required for detection is the ______, and the smallest noticeable difference between a standard stimulus intensity and another stimulus value is the ______.
a. / response criterion; sensory constant
b. / absolute threshold; difference threshold
c. / difference threshold; absolute threshold
d. / base value; just noticeable difference (jnd)
3. / In the process known as______, sensory receptors become less sensitive to repeated presentations of the same stimulus.
a. / sensory adaptation
b. / sensation
c. / discrimination
d. / sensory fatigue
4. / When light waves enter the eye, they first pass through the ______.
a. / iris
b. / cornea
c. / pupil
d. / lens
5. / Which component of the eye contains the visual receptors?
a. / retina
b. / sclera
c. / posterior chamber
d. / cornea
6. / Which of the following is true of rods?
a. / They are found mainly in the fovea.
b. / They respond to color.
c. / They are responsible for night vision.
d. / They operate mainly in the daytime.
7. / What is the basic function of the outer ear?
a. / to concentrate and funnel sound waves to the eardrum
b. / to amplify low-intensity sounds to detectable levels
c. / to filter out high-intensity sound waves that can be harmful
d. / to protect the hair cells
8. / Which of the following are the auditory receptors where sound waves finally become neural impulses?
a. / basilar membranes
b. / hair cells
c. / organs of Corti
d. / tectorial membranes
9. / Where are the taste receptors located?
a. / on the microvilli
b. / in the gustatory bulb
c. / on the papillae
d. / on the taste buds
10. / An olfactory stimulus travels from receptor to ______.
a. / olfactory bulb
b. / thalamus
c. / amygdala
d. / pons
11. / The kinesthetic senses are concerned with ______.
a. / movement and body position
b. / the location of body parts in relation to the ground and to each other
c. / your location as compared to the position of the sun
d. / touch, pressure, temperature, and pain
12. / Which is the best description of the skin senses?
a. / They have to do with your location as compared to the position of the sun.
b. / They have to do with the location of body parts in relation to the ground and to each other.
c. / They have to do with movement and body position.
d. / They have to do with touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.
13. / Which is the best description of the vestibular senses?
a. / They have to do with touch, pressure, temperature, and pain.
b. / They have to do with your location as compared to the position of the sun.
c. / They have to do with movement and body position.
d. / They have to do with the location of body parts in relation to the ground and to each other.
14. / Dizziness, nausea, and disorientation may result if information from the eyes conflicts a little too much with that from the vestibular organs, according to the ______of motion sickness.
a. / sensory conflict theory
b. / motor conflict theory
c. / semicircular canal conflict theory
d. / vestibular conflict theory
15. / ______is the mental process of making sense of sensory information.
a. / Perception
b. / Abstraction
c. / Consciousness
d. / Sensation
16. / The tendency to perceive objects, or figures, as existing on some background is known as ______.
a. / proximity
b. / figure–ground relationships
c. / closure
d. / similarity
Chapter 6 - Learning
17. You make an ‘A’ on a biology test that you did not think you did well on. When you go home to tell your parents, they tell you that you do not have to do your chores that night. What kind of operant conditioning is this?
a. Positive Punishment
b. Positive Reinforcement
c. Negative Punishment
d. Negative Reinforcement
18. You mow the lawn, and after you’re done your mother gives you $20. This makes you more inclined to continue mowing the lawn for you mom. What type of reinforcement is that?
a. Positive reinforcement, with primary reinforcers
b. Positive reinforcement, with secondary reinforcers
c. Negative reinforcement, with primary reinforcers
d. Negative reinforcement, with secondary reinforcers
19. Which one of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?
a. Taking away a child's favorite toy when the child misbehaves
b. Giving a child a toy for misbehaving
c. Spanking a child for swearing
d. Going to the dentist and having a toothache relieved
20. "The best part of going to the beach," your friend exclaims as you start your vacation, "is getting away from all the stress of work and school." If this is true, then your friend's vacation-taking behavior is influenced by
a. Punishment
b. Positive reinforcement
c. Negative reinforcement
d. Extinction
21. Which is not involved with Operant Conditioning?
a. Reinforcement
b. Punishment
c. Neutral stimulus
d. Negative reinforcement
22. A monthly paycheck falls under which schedule of partial reinforcement?
a. Fixed interval
b. Variable ratio
c. Fixed ratio
d. Variable interval
23. If you’re a teacher and every time a student answers a question, you give them a ticket that give them extra credit on an assignment. What is this?
a. Positive punishment
b. Negative reinforcement
c. Negative punishment
d. Positive reinforcement
24. Compared to continuous reinforcement, partial reinforcement results in ______learning that is ______to extinguish."
a. faster; harder"
b. slower; harder"
c. faster; easier"
d. slower; easier
25. What is an example of a positive punishment?
a. If a child gets good grades you take away his chores.
b. If a dog does a trick you give him treats.
c. Taking the phone away from a teenager who did not do their chores.
d. If a kid gets bad grades you give them more chores
26. Every time Heather answers a question right in class, she is given a piece of candy. This is…
a. shaping
b. continuous reinforcement
c. partial reinforcement
d. variable interval
27. Which choice is a type of long-term memory?
a. Semantic
b. Episodic
c. Procedural
d. All of the above
28. After being hit in the face with a baseball, Kelly always flinches at the sight of a baseball. Name the neutral stimulus.
a. The baseball
b. Kelly
c. The baseball hitting Kelly
d. The feeling after she got hit
29. The lottery is
a. Fixed Interval
b. Fixed Ratio
c. Variable Interval
d. Variable Ratio
Chapter 7 - Memory
30. What is the process of grouping separate pieces of information into a single unit?
a. Chunking
b. Rehearsal
c. Mnemonic devices
d. Grouping
31. Which theory of forgetting explains why skills and memories degrade if they go unused?
a. Interference theory
b. Motivated forgetting theory
c. Encoding failure theory
d. Decay theory
32. You are asked to remember a phone number and you repeat it several times in your head to avoid forgetting it. This is an example of
a. Short Term Memory
b. Encoding
c. Maintenance Rehearsal
d. Elaborative Rehearsal
33. Driving a car is what kind of memory?
a. Procedural memory
b. Episodic Memory
c. Semantic Memory
d. Classically conditioned memory
34. What kind of memory is riding a bike, and what kind of memory is knowing the presidents in order?
a. Semantic and Declarative
b. Implicit and Declarative
c. Non Declarative and Episodic
d. Semantic and Episodic
35. Using hyphens in long numbers, such as Social Security and credit card numbers, is a form of ______, designed to make them easier to remember
a. repeating
b. chunking
c. sensing
d. processing
36. If someone gave you a phone number and you didn’t have something to write it down with, how would you keep remembering it until you could write it down?
a. Encoding
b. Selective attention
c. Chunking
d. Maintenance rehearsal
37. Which theory explains why you may accidentally call your significant other your exes’ name?
a. Decay Theory
b. Retrieval Failure Theory
c. Motivated Forgetting Theory
d. Interference Theory
38. In what stage of three-stage memory model is information retrieved from?
a. Sensory memory
b. Short term memory
c. Encoding
d. Long term memory
39. If a person is injured in a car accident and old memories that occurred before the accident are lost, what has this person experienced?
a. Anterograde amnesia
b. Tip of the tongue phenomenon
c. Retrograde amnesia
d. Retroactive interference
40. The Encoding, storage, retrieval (ESR) model is similar to a
a. Toilet
b. Computer
c. Printer
d. Car
41. The adult woman was able to recall her high school prom and graduation what type of memory was being used?
a. Semantic memory
b. Procedural memory
c. Priming
d. Episodic memory
42. Which choice is a type of Long term memory?
a. Semantic
b. Episodic
c. Procedural
d. All of the above
43. A retrieval cue is a(n)
a. experimental task in which subjects are presented with a stimulus that primes them to respond in a particular way.
b. process for enhancing retention of information by breaking the information into smaller, more easily recalled chunks.
c. lingering mental representation of a sound.
d. stimulus associated with original learning that helps jog one's memory