Chapter 17: Foreign Policy and National Defense

Chapter 17 Objectives

· Define isolationism, foreign policy, law of legation, ambassador, passports, visas, diplomatic immunity, infantry, artillery, cavalry, collective security, deterrence, containment, détente, attribution theory, democratic peace theory

· Identify Joint Chiefs of Staff, Madeline Albright, CIA, USIA, NASA, ACDA, START, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty, George F. Kennan, Ronald Reagan, Mikhail Gorbachev

· Explain why the Secretary of Defense cannot be a military person

· Identify the oldest and the youngest military departments

· Explain the duties of the Army, Navy, and Air Force

· List the three tasks of the CIA

· Name two locations of NASA centers

· Identify 5 major nuclear powers

· Identify 3 minor powers

· Describe how the following events affect US foreign policy: Louisiana Purchase, Monroe Doctrine, Good Neighbor Policy, Open Door Policy

· Identify what event ended US isolationism forever

· Explain the stronghold and perimeter defenses and symmetrical and asymmetrical responses of containment

· Explain the three systems of the systems approach

· Explain sunkcost trap, prospect theory

Chapter 17: Foreign Policy and National Defense

An Overview

From Isolationism to Internationalism

Isolationism-

Now shift to internationalism

Only through policies can U.S. survive peace

Foreign Policy: What it is

Foreign policy-

President’s Responsibilities

1.

2.

3.

4.

Department of State and Department of Defense

State Department

President’s main man in foreign affairs

Secretary of State

Created in 1781 under Articles of Confederation

Duties

Organization and Key Components

Foreign Service

International law states law of legation –

Ambassadors go to each country (160+ nations)

President appoints and Senate approves

Ambassador-

Special Diplomats

Passports-

Visas-

Diplomatic Immunity-

Department of Defense

Combined of War Department and Navy Department

Civil Control of Military

Secretary of Defense

Appointed by the President and approved by Senate

Two responsibilities

Chief Military Aides

Five members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff

Serve as military

Five top ranking uniformed officers in armed forces

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Military Departments

1. Department of Army

Includes:

Chief of Staff = leader

Soldiers:

Infantry:

Artillary:

Calvary:

2. Department of Navy

Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) = leader

Marine Corps

3. Department of Air Force

Established in 1947

Other Foreign and Defense Policy Agencies

A. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)

Established in 1947 by Congress

Three tasks

1.

2.

3.

B. U.S. Information Agency (USIA)

Job:

How:

C. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

Established in 1957,

D. U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (ACDA)

Job:

Strategic Arms Reduction Treaties (START I and II) 1991 &1993

1996, 126 nations signed Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty –

Major Nuclear Powers- known powers

Minor Nuclear Powers-

E. Selective Service System (draft)

American Foreign Policy: Past and Present

Independence to WWI

Louisiana Purchase – 1803

War of 1812 (Second War of Independence)

Monroe Doctrine – 1823

Mexican American War

Good Neighbor Policy

Open Door Policy in China

U.S. promoted open door policy –

Two World Wars

Foreign Policy: 1945 to Today

Two trends

1. Peace through collective security –

2. Deterrence –

Resisting Soviet Aggression (Cold War)

With policy of containment

Containment Policy

George F. Kennan, founder,

Policy based on two defenses and two responses

Defenses

Stronghold-

Perimeter-

Responses

Asymmetrical-

Symmetrical-

Four policy foundations

Goals of containment

Korean War

Cuban Missile Crisis

Vietnam

Détente and Return to Containment

Nixon made a policy of détente

End of Cold War

1990s ended with

Why do other nations behave they way they do?

Three levels of analysis

1. Systems Approach –

A. unipolar –

B. bipolar –

C. multipolar –

2. Nation – State level :

A. political systems

democratic peace theory –

B. Now, most wars

C. Culture

3. Individual approach

A. political psychology

attribution theory –

ex. Something bad happens –

someone doesn’t

love (external) - outside force:

hate (internal) –

B. Sunk cost trap

Hard to stop

C. Prospect theory

Big risk to