Chapter 10 Power Point Lecture Notes

Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity: The Ecosystem Approach

Name: ______Date: ______Assignment #______

  1. Individuals Matter: Wangari Maathari and Kenya’s Green Belt Movement
  2. ______: 1977
  3. Self-help group of women in Kenya
  4. Success of tree planting
  5. ______
  6. Women are paid for each tree that ______
  7. Slows soil erosion
  8. Shade and beauty
  9. Combats global warming
  10. Nobel Peace Prize: 2004
  11. Wangari Maathari: ______
    ______

3.  10-1 What Are the Major Threats
to Forest Ecosystems?

a.  Concept 10-1A Forest ecosystems provide ecological services far greater in value than the value of raw materials obtained from forests.

b.  Concept 10-1B Unsustainable cutting and burning of forests, along with diseases and insects, all made worse by projected climate change, are the chief threats to forest ecosystems.

  1. Forests Vary in Their Make-Up, Age, and Origins
  2. ______or primary forest (36%)
  3. Uncut, or not disturbed for several hundred years
  4. Reservoirs of biodiversity
  5. ______ (60%)
  6. Secondary ecological succession
  7. ______, (tree farm, commercial forest) (4%)
  8. May supply most industrial wood in the future
  9. Natural Capital: An Old-Growth Forest
  10. Forests Provide Important Economic and Ecological Services (1)
  11. Support ______
  12. Reduce soil erosion
  13. Absorb and release water
  14. Purify water and air
  15. Influence ______
  16. Store atmospheric carbon
  17. Habitats
  18. Forests Provide Important Economic and Ecological Services (2)
  19. Wood for fuel
  20. Lumber
  21. Pulp to make paper
  22. Mining
  23. Livestock grazing
  24. Recreation
  25. Employment
  26. Science Focus: Putting a Price Tag on Nature’s Ecological Services
  27. ______
  28. Nutrient cycling
  29. Climate regulation
  30. Erosion control
  31. Waste treatment
  32. Recreation
  33. Raw materials
  34. $______
  35. Unsustainable Logging is a Major Threat to Forest Ecosystems (2)
  36. Invasion by
  37. Nonnative pests
  38. Disease
  39. Wildlife species
  40. Major tree harvesting methods:
  41. ______
  42. ______
  43. ______
  44. Fire, Insects, and Climate Change Can Threaten Forest Ecosystems (1)
  45. ______ fires
  46. Usually burn leaf litter and undergrowth
  47. May provide food in the form of vegetation that sprouts after fire
  48. ______ fires
  49. Extremely hot: burns whole trees
  50. Kill wildlife
  51. Increase soil erosion
  52. Fire, Insects, and Climate Change Can Threaten Forest Ecosystems (2)
  53. Introduction of foreign diseases and insects
  54. Accidental
  55. Deliberate
  56. ______
  57. Rising temperatures
  58. Trees more susceptible to diseases and pests
  59. Drier forests: more fires
  60. More greenhouse gases
  61. We Have Cut Down Almost Half
    of the World’s Forests
  62. ______
  63. Tropical forests
  64. Especially in Latin America, Indonesia, and Africa
  65. ______ forests
  66. Especially in Alaska, Canada, Scandinavia, and Russia
  67. Encouraging news
  68. Net total forest cover has ______in U.S. and a few other countries between 2000 and 2007
  69. Case Study: Many Cleared Forests in the United States Have Grown Back
  70. Forests of the eastern United States decimated between ______
  71. Grown back naturally through ______in the eastern states
  72. Biologically simplified tree plantations ______nutrients from soil
  73. Tropical Forests are Disappearing Rapidly
  74. Majority of loss since 1950
  75. Africa, Southeast Asia, South America
  76. 98% will be gone by 2022
  77. Role of deforestation in species’ extinction
  78. Secondary forest can grow back in 15-20 years
  79. Causes of Tropical Deforestation Are Varied and Complex
  80. Population growth
  81. Poverty of subsistence farmers
  82. Ranching
  83. Lumber
  84. Plantation farms: palm oil
  85. Begins with building of roads
  86. Many forests burned
  87. Can tilt tropical forest to tropical savanna
  88. Natural Capital Degradation: Large Areas of Brazil’s Amazon Basin Are Burned

17.  10-2 How Should We Manage and
Sustain Forests?

a.  Concept 10-2 We can sustain forests by emphasizing the economic value of their ecological services, removing government subsidies that hasten their destruction, protecting old-growth forests, harvesting trees no faster than they are replenished, and planting trees.

  1. Solution: Sustainable Forestry
  2. Science Focus: Certifying Sustainably Grown Timber
  3. Collins Pine
  4. Owns and manages protective timberland
  5. ______
  6. Nonprofit
  7. Developed list of environmentally sound practices
  8. Certifies timber and products
  9. 2009: ______forest have certified to FSC standards
  10. Also certifies manufacturers of wood products
  11. We Can Improve the Management of Forest Fires
  12. The Smokey Bear educational campaign
  13. ______
  14. Allow fires on public lands to burn
  15. Protect structures in fire-prone areas
  16. Thin forests in fire-prone areas
  17. We Can Reduce the Demand for Harvested Trees
  18. Improve the efficiency of wood use
  19. 60% of U.S. wood use is wasted
  20. Make tree-free paper
  21. Kenaf
  22. Hemp
  23. Solutions: Fast-Growing Plant: Kenaf
  24. Case Study: Deforestation and the Fuelwood Crisis
  25. One half of world wood harvest is for fuel
  26. Possible solutions
  27. Establish ______fuelwood trees and shrubs
  28. Burn wood more efficiently
  29. Solar or wind-generated electricity
  30. Burn garden waste
  31. Haiti: ecological disaster
  32. Mangrove Forest in Haiti Chopped Down for Fuelwood
  33. Governments and Individuals Can Act
    to Reduce Tropical Deforestation
  34. Reduce fuelwood demand
  35. Practice small-scale sustainable agriculture and forestry in tropical forest
  36. Government protection
  37. Debt-for-nature swaps/conservation concessions
  38. Plant trees
  39. Buy certified lumber and wood products

26.  10-3 How Should We Manage and
Sustain Grasslands?

a.  Concept 10-3 We can sustain the productivity of grasslands by controlling the number and distribution of grazing livestock, and by restoring degraded grasslands.

27.  Some Rangelands Are Overgrazed (1)

a.  ______

i.  Unfenced grasslands in temperate and tropical climates that provide forage for animals

b.  ______

i.  Managed grasslands and fences meadows used for grazing livestock

c.  ______ of rangelands

i.  Reduces grass cover

ii.  Leads to erosion of soil by water and wind

iii.  Soil becomes compacted

iv.  Enhances invasion of plant species that cattle won’t eat

d.  ______

i.  Arizona-New Mexico border

ii.  Management success story

28.  Natural Capital Degradation: Overgrazed and Lightly Grazed Rangeland

29.  We Can Manage Rangelands More Sustainably (1)

a.  Rotational grazing

b.  Suppress growth of invasive species

i.  Herbicides

ii.  Mechanical removal

iii.  Controlled burning

iv.  Controlled ______

30.  We Can Manage Rangelands More Sustainably (2)

a.  Replant barren areas

b.  Apply fertilizer

c.  Reduce soil erosion

31.  Natural Capital Restoration: San Pedro River in Arizona

32.  Case Study: Grazing and Urban Development the American West

a.  American southwest ______

b.  Land trust groups: conservation easements

c.  Reduce the harmful environmental impact of herds

i.  Rotate cattle away from riparian areas

ii.  Use less fertilizers and pesticides

iii.  Operate ranch more economically and sustainably

33.  10-4 How Should We Manage and Sustain Parks and Natural Reserves?

a.  Concept 10-4 Sustaining biodiversity will require more effective protection of existing parks and nature reserves, as well as the protection of much more of the earth’s remaining undisturbed land area.

34.  National Parks Face Many Environmental Threats

a.  Worldwide: ______

b.  Parks in developing countries

i.  Greatest biodiversity

ii.  1% protected against

1.  Illegal animal poaching

2.  Illegal logging and mining

35.  Case Study: Stresses on U.S.
Public Parks (1)

a.  ______in the U.S.

b.  Biggest problem may be popularity

i.  Noise

ii.  Congestion

iii.  Pollution

iv.  Damage or destruction to vegetation and wildlife

36.  Case Study: Stresses on U.S.
Public Parks (2)

a.  Damage from nonnative species

i.  Boars and mountain goats

ii.  Introduced ______

b.  Native species sometimes killed or removed

c.  ______of biodiversity

i.  Air pollution

d.  Need billions in trail and infrastructure repairs

37.  Grand Teton National Park

38.  Natural Capital Degradation: Damage From Off-Road Vehicles

39.  Solutions: National Parks

40.  Science Focus: Reintroducing the Gray Wolf to Yellowstone National Park

a.  Keystone species

b.  1995: reintroduced; 2009: 116 wolves in park

c.  Prey on elk and push them to a higher elevation

i.  Regrowth of ______

ii.  More ______

d.  Reduced the number of coyotes

i.  Fewer attacks on cattle

ii.  More smaller mammals

41.  Natural Capital Restoration: Gray Wolf

42.  Nature Reserves Occupy Only a Small Part of the Earth’s Land

a.  Currently less than ______ is protected

b.  Conservationists’ goal: ______

c.  Cooperation between ______and concerned individuals

d.  Nature Conservancy

e.  Land trust groups

43.  Silver Creek Nature Conservancy Preserve near Sun Valley, Idaho

44.  Designing and Connecting Nature Reserves

a.  Large versus small reserves

b.  The buffer zone concept

i.  United Nations: ______biosphere reserves in ______ countries

45.  Habitat corridors between isolated reserves

a.  Advantages

b.  Disadvantages

46.  Case Study: Costa Rica—A Global Conservation Leader

a.  1963–1983: cleared much of the forest

b.  1986–2006: forests grew from ______

i.  Goal: ______ to zero by 2021

c.  ¼ of land in nature reserves and natural parks – global leader

d.  Earns $1 billion per year in tourism

47.  Solutions: Costa Rica: Parks and Reserves—Eight Megareserves

48.  Protecting Wilderness Is an Important Way to Preserve Biodiversity

a.  Wilderness

i.  Land officially designated as having ______from human activities

ii.  Wilderness Act of 1964

b.  Controversial…

49.  Case Study: Controversy over Wilderness Protection in the United States

a.  Wilderness Act of 1964

i.  Protect undeveloped lands

ii.  2% of lower 48 protected, mostly in West

iii.  10-fold increase from 1970 to 2010

b.  2009

i.  ______more acres get wilderness protection

ii.  ______in length of wild and scenic rivers

50.  10-5 What is the Ecosystem Approach
to Sustaining Biodiversity?

a.  Concept 10-5 We can help sustain biodiversity by identifying and protecting severely threatened areas (biodiversity hotspots), restoring damaged ecosystems (using restoration ecology), and sharing with other species much of the land we dominate (using reconciliation ecology).

51.  We Can Use a Four-Point Strategy
to Protect Ecosystems

a.  Map global ecosystems; identify species

b.  Locate and protect most endangered ecosystems and species

c.  Restore degraded ecosystems

d.  Development must be biodiversity-friendly

e.  Are new laws needed? ______
______

52.  Protecting Global Biodiversity Hot Spots Is an Urgent Priority

a.  ______biodiversity hot spots rich in plant species

i.  2% of earth’s surface, but 50% of flowering plant species and 42% of terrestrial vertebrates

ii.  1.2 billion people

b.  Drawbacks of this approach

i.  May not be rich in animal diversity

ii.  People may be displaced and/or lose access to important resources

53.  Protecting Ecosystem Services Is Also an Urgent Priority

a.  U.N. Millennium Ecosystem Assessment: 2005

i.  Identify key ecosystem services

ii.  Human activities degrade or overuse 60% of the earth’s natural services

b.  ______life raft ecosystems

i.  High poverty levels

ii.  Ecosystem services degraded

iii.  Foster cooperation among residents, government and scientists to protect people and biodiversity

54.  We Can Rehabilitate and Restore Ecosystems That We Have Damaged (1)

a.  Study how natural ecosystems recover

i.  ______

ii.  ______

iii.  ______

iv.  ______

55.  We Can Rehabilitate and Restore Ecosystems That We Have Damaged (2)

a.  How to carry out most forms of ecological restoration and rehabilitation

i.  Identify what caused the degradation

ii.  Stop the abuse

iii.  Reintroduce species, if possible

iv.  Protect from further degradation

56.  Science Focus: Ecological Restoration of a Tropical Dry Forest in Costa Rica

a.  Guanacaste National Park restoration project

i.  Relinked to adjacent rain forest

ii.  Bring in cattle and horses – aid in seed dispersal

iii.  Local residents – actively involved

57.  Will Restoration Encourage Further Destruction?

a.  ______
______

b.  About 5% of the earth’s land is preserved from the effects of human activities

58.  We Can Share Areas We Dominate With Other Species

a.  ______

i.  Invent and maintain habitats for species diversity where people live, work, and play

b.  Community-based conservation

i.  Belize and the black howler monkeys

ii.  Protect vital insect pollinators

59.  Case Study: The Blackfoot Challenge—Reconciliation Ecology in Action

a.  1970s: Blackfoot River Valley in Montana threatened by

i.  Poor mining, logging, and grazing practices

ii.  Water and air pollution

iii.  Unsustainable commercial and residential development

b.  Community meetings led to

i.  Weed-pulling parties

ii.  Nesting structures for waterfowl

iii.  Developed ______

60.  What Can You Do? Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity

61.  Three Big Ideas

a.  The economic values of the important ecological services provided by the world’s ecosystems are far greater than the value of the raw materials obtained from those systems.

b.  We can ______, grasslands, parks, and nature preserves more effectively by protecting more land, preventing over-use of these areas, and using renewable resources provided by them no faster than such resources can be ______processes.

c.  We can sustain terrestrial biodiversity by protecting severely threatened areas, protecting remaining undisturbed areas, ______, and sharing with other species much of the land we dominate.

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