Psychology Exam Review
2nd Semester
APPROACHES TO PSYCHOLOGY & RESEARCH METHODS
1. What is psychology?
2. What approach to psychology is Freud associated with? Know the main difference for each of the approaches: behavioral, psychoanalytic, cognitive, humanistic, biological, and sociocultural
3. Distinguish each research method: case study, survey, naturalistic observation, experiment
4. Recognize examples of the following common research problems: Hawthorne effect, self-fulfilling prophecy, statistical manipulation, and experimenter bias
PERSONALITY
5. What is personality?
6. What are the main characteristics of the trait theory of personality?
7. What is the focus of the humanistic approach to personality?
8. What is a schema? Provide an example.
9. Know the following defense mechanisms: repression, regression, sublimation, and rationalization
10. What is personality disorder? Know the characteristics of the following personality disorders: narcissistic, obsessive-compulsive, paranoid, and antisocial/sociopath.
DEVELOPMENT
11. Definition and stage (according to Piaget) in which the following occur: object permanence and conservation.
12. What is a critical period?
13. What development does Erik Erikson explain with his psychosocial theory?
14. What did Kohlberg’s developmental stages focus on?
15. Recognize examples of each parenting style: authoritative, authoritarian, permissive, uninvolved, helicopter
16. In the angel/devil on the shoulder comparison, how are each of Freud’s functions of the mind represented? (Id, Ego, Superego)
17. Define “gender role” and “gender identity”.
18. Based on the social learning theory, how does a child learn their gender role?
BRAIN & NERVOUS SYSTEM
19. What are neurons?
20. What is the main function of each of the lobes? (frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital)
21. What structure of the brain allows the two hemispheres to communicate?
22. What is the function of the hippocampus? Amygdala? Brainstem?
23. What is the function of the nervous system? How does information travel through this system?
ALTERED STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS
24. How does hypnosis work? What are some of the therapeutic benefits of this ASC?
25. How does meditation work?
26. How does biofeedback work?
27. What are the following sleep disorders: sleep apnea and narcolepsy?
28. IN GENERAL, how would you describe the sleep stages? When does dreaming occur?
SENSATION, PERCEPTION, AND LEARNING
29. Why do we have variations in taste? (From Sense Stations worksheet)
30. What is perception?
31. What is the difference between classical and operant conditioning?
32. Who is Ivan Pavlov?
33. Recognize examples of operant conditioning: Positive & negative reinforcement, Type I and type II punishment
34. In conditioning, what is generalization?
35. What are primary and secondary reinforcers?
PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
36. What are the four criteria that define psychological disorder behavior?
37. What does the DSM do?
38. Briefly list the characteristics for the following categories of psych disorders: anxiety disorders, dissociative disorders, mood disorders, somatoform disorders.
39. What is schizophrenia?
INFLUENTIAL PSYCHOLOGISTS
Know the following people and what specific influence they had:
- Wilhelm Wundt
- Sigmund Freud
- Carl Jung
- Alfred Adler
- Albert Bandura
- Abraham Maslow
- Jean Piaget
- John Watson