ANCIENT GREECE
I. Geography
A. Located in the southern part of Europe’s ___________________; very _______________________, and many I_____________. (Island of Crete; Peloponnesus peninsula; Mt. Olympus).
1. Mountains _______________ and_________________the Greeks on the mainland.
2. Greek people _______________ united under one government.
3. People depended on the ______________________ for their living. (Aegean, Mediterranean, Ionian, Black)
B. Climate was _________; conducive to _______________ public meetings. (theater, schools, government)
II. Aegean Civilizations
A. __________________(2500 to 1450 B.C.)
1. concentrated on the island of __________________.
2. Wealthy people with ___________________ (indoor bathrooms, fireboxes) who decorated with brigthly colored _____________ and enjoyed _____________ and ____________________.
3. Destroyed by a _________________ caused by earthquake.
B ___________________ (2000 to 1100 B.C.)
1. also lived on ___________; combined with _____________ to form ancient Greece.
2. Married with local people (Hellenes) after extending boundary to the _____________________.
3. Built stone walls for __________________.
4. Government kept detailed records of ____________, crops, and _________________.
5. Overran by the ______________, which started the “___________________” where written language ___________ with no records kept, trade stopped, and poverty.
a. Many ___________ to the mainland.
b. They restored both cultures into the ____________ Civilization, the original inhabitants of Greece. Hellenic Civilization taught love for ___________, importance of the __________________ relationship, and loyalty between _______________.
III. Hellenic Poets & Heroes
A. __________(700 B.C.)-wrote the epics ______________ & The Odyssey
1. Illiad-a Trojan prince falls in love with Helen (wife of Mycenaen prince). Helen is captured and taken to Troy, on which the ________________ lay seige for 10 years. The Greeks build a huge ____________ and hide soldiers inside. The Trojans believe they have won and take the horse into the city. That night, the Greeks sneak out of the horse, capturing and burning ___________- to the ground. The “Trojan Horse” destroyed from within.
2. Odyssey-a homeward adventure of a _____________ king after the Trojan War taking 10 years to return home. An odyssey is a long _______________.
B. Heroes-teachers used the Illiad to teach ______________in Greek civilization and heritage.
IV. Greek Deities
A. Activities of gods & goddesses explained why people behaved as they did. They believed deities caused physical storms to happen.
1. _______________-wisdom & art;
2. _______________-goddess of agriculture;
3. _______________-goddess of love & beauty;
4. _______________-king of the gods; ruled the sky (weather).
5. _______________-god of wine & fertility. (play about this one)
6. _______________-god of light (sun) and phrophecy.
7. _______________-ruled the underworld.
B. Greeks ____________ their gods; they were total human forms. They believed gods behaved like humans (married & had children).
C. Deities possessed super human ___________ (physical & mental).
D. Humans tried to be like ________________ in every way possible.
E. 12 most important deities lived on _________________; each one controlling a specific part of the _______________ world.
F. Religious __________________ were important part of Greek life; Olympic Games honored ________________.
V. The Polis (city-state)
A. This was the basic _________________________unit of Hellenic civilization comprised of the ______________ and the surrounding _________________ and _____________ (measured about ________ days walking distance). The center of the city stood on a fortified hill (_______________) with a temple for the local deity. At the foot of the acropolis was the _________-public square.
B. The polis was small enough that all citizens could take part in business with 5,000-10,000 male citizens who __________, owned ___________, and held _____________. Women, slaves, and foreigners had ______ part.
C. The polis was famous for trading of ________ and _______ oil with a ______________ system.
VI. Political and Social Change
-Kings lost power to landholding _______________ (wealthy nobles).
-Farmers had to obtain loans from aristocrats. When they were unable to pay them back, they lost their ___________, becoming ________________ and ____________________.
-farmers were _____________________ in the Greek army, more ___________________ than a wealthy ________________.
-Other middle class working people (_______________) joined forces with the farmers wanting a voice in _____________and _____________.
-_______________seized power making promises to the farmers (low & middle classes) and wanting citizenship.
-harshness of a few tyrants caused “_______________” to mean rule by a __________ and _____________ person.
-citizens restructured their government into either an _____________ (small group of rulers) or ____________________ (rule by the people).
-there were 2 democracies: 1. _____________; 2. ______________
A. Sparta
-descendants of ________________ invaders founded in southern Greece. Land was invaded and farming people were taken as slaves (____________) and assigned to farm the land. Artisans and merchants were hired, but were considered free individuals, called __________________i. Together, they outnumbered the Spartans. To maintain power, they established a ______________ society.
1. Spartan Military
-_______________ revolved around the military. Men were the _________________. Women ________________more soldiers. Newborns were examined and the sickly left on a ____________. Young boys would go to military school, learning to ________, _________, use ___________, and __________. (If caught stealing, they were whipped publicly. They would go barefoot and have one garment to wear and having little to eat. After _______ years as a soldier, they would marry at age ______, but continued to live and serve in the military until _______, then they would retire.
2. Women in Sparta
-Involved in ______________, _____________, and __________. They were to be as healthy and strong as possible. They married at ____. If younger, they were less likely to have a _________ child. They had no ___________ in government.
3. Government in Sparta
a. ___ kings ruled jointly, leading the _______ and ___________ services.
b. Legislative body had 2 houses-
i. The ______________ had most power, making laws and decisions concerning war and peace. Male citizens over 20 served. There were five overseers (ephors) elected to administer public affairs, and could veto legislation.
ii. The Council of _________ were comprised of 28 men over 60 who proposed legislation.
4. Spartan Culture
-people were exceptional _______________, always winning the ______________ Games.
-they lagged behind ___________________, and in trade and ____________________.
B. Athens
-located in the central part of Greece.
-descendants of _________________.
-named after the __________________ Athena.
-included more citizens; all __________ men regardless of ________ or _________________ of land.
1. Athenian Tyrants (brought changes)
a. __________-extremely harsh penalties for breaking laws. For minor offenses, such as stealing, the penalty was death. “Draconian” means ________ and ___________. Laws were written down, and aristocrats could not _____________.
b. _________________-improved economic conditions. He canceled all ____________ and freed debtors from ____________ in Draco’s rule. Anyone could own a limited amount of land. He promoted trade. Cash crops were grown rather than grain. He ordered fathers to teach their sons a skill. He set up a 2 house legislature: 1. Council of ________ (aristocrats); 2. Council of ______________ (commoners).
(Some thought Solon went too far.)
c. _____________-divided land among the _______________; extended ________________ to the poor; gave poor loans; and provided jobs for the poor by providing ___________ projects.
d. __________________-created laws that established a __________________ for Athens. A tyrant was no longer needed.
2. Athenian Democracy-lasted almost _______ years until the ___________________ overthrew them. This was more of a direct _________________.
a. The ________________ was the major political institution. All citizens were __________and guaranteed __________ and could belong to the Assembly. The Assembly passed _______ and acted as the ________________. They chose 10 general to run a ________ and ___________.
b. The Council of ______ administered everyday ____________ business. They were chosen by a _______ drawing because they thought elections _________. Good speakers had the _____________ in an election.
c. ________________-majority vote needed for a verdict and the jury was very large (______). The large size would keep jurors from the influence of __________ and ____________.
d. ____________-each year, citizens would write the name of an _________________ politician on a piece of baked clay (_____________). If the name appeared on 6,000 ostracas, the person was exiled for _____ years.
3. Education in Athens
-fathers were required to ____________ their sons. All citizens were _______________ to hold public office. Girls did not receive a formal education, learning to ____________ and ________. Boys went to school from age ___ through ___. They learned The Illiad and the Odyssey by heart. They studied _________, drawing, music, and _________. They also studied _____________-public speaking. After school, they spend ___ years in the ________________.