ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY – SENIOR STUDY
Junior
(Junior) HIH220-3
Q: What do you call the measurement around the horse’s body just back of the withers
A: Girth (Heartgirth)
(Junior) HIH220-3
Q: Where is the gaskin located?
A: Below the stifle
(Junior) HIH220-3
Q: On a horse, what do you call the distinct space between the jawbone & neck?
A: Throatlatch
(Junior) HIH505-5
Q: What bone is located between the cannon bone & the short pastern?
A: Long pastern
(Junior) HIH505-5
Q: What bone is located at the lowest point in the hoof?
A: Coffin bone
(Junior) HIH220-3
Q: What is the name of the joint above the pastern?
A: Fetlock
(Junior) HIH220-3
Q: What is the cannon?
A: The lower leg bone below the knee and hock & above the fetlock
(Junior) HIH220-3
Q: Where is the croup?
A: The part of the back just in front of the tail
(Junior) HIH220-3
Q: The top of a horse’s head just back of the ears is called what?
A: Poll
(Junior) HS4/TH126
Q: A third eyelid or membrane in front of the eye which removes foreign bodies from the eye is called what?
A: Haw (nicitating membrane)
(Junior) TH128/CAHA4
Q: What is an ergot?
A: A horny growth behind the fetlock joint
(Junior) CAHA4/TH128
Q: The horny growths on the insides of horses’ legs are called what?
A: Chestnuts or night eyes
(Junior) HIH220-3
Q: Where is the pastern found?
A: Between the coronet band & the fetlock
(Junior) HIH220-3
Q: Where is the coronet band located?
A: It’s the hairline above the hoof
(Junior) TH142/CAHA1
Q: Where is the crest?
A: Area located under the mane; top line of the neck
(Junior) hidden HS 4/TH126
Q: In connection with the eye, what does the term “haw” mean?
A: A third eyelid or membrane that removes foreign bodies from the eye (nicitating membrane)
(Junior) TH152/HH10
Q: What part of the horse needs to be deep & fairly thick with good V-muscling?
A: Chest
(Junior) HIH220-3
Q: What is another term for the trunk area of the horse?
A: Barrel
(Junior) HIH220-3
Q: What do you call the area at the end of the head, which includes the lips & nostrils?
A: Muzzle
(Junior) TH142/HH8
Q: Where is the horse known for being ticklish?
A: Flank
(Junior) HIH220-3
Q: What is located between the back & the croup?
A: The loin
(Junior) HIH220-3
Q: What joint is located between the hock & the hip?
A: The stifle
(Junior) HIH220-3
Q: What is located between the forehead & muzzle?
A: Face
(junior) HIH220-3
Q: What joint is located between the shoulder & knee?
A: Elbow
(Junior) HIH220-3
Q: What joint is located between the elbow & fetlock?
A: Knee
(Junior) HIH220-3
Q: The part of the horse between the withers & loin is called what?
A: Back
(Junior) TH129
Q: What is the purpose of the long feeler hairs around the muzzle?
A: Help the horse make contact with his surroundings, esp. in the dark
(Junior) HIH220-6
Q: What part of the horse is important in keeping the saddle in place?
A: Withers
(Junior) HIH505-1
Q: What part of the foot is between the wall & frog?
A: Sole
(Junior) HIH525-1
Q: What is the name for the soft, spongy part of the horse’s foot?
A: Frog
(Junior) HIH505-1
Q: What do you call the part of the foot that’s around the outside of the hoof?
A: Wall
(Junior) HIH220-3
Q: The elbow, knee & fetlock are all joints on which leg?
A: Front
(Junior) HIH220-3
Q: The stifle, hock & fetlock are all joints on which leg?
A: Rear
(Junior) TH693
Q: What part of the foot separates the wall & the sole?
A: White line
(Junior) HIH220-6
Q: What joint is located between the fetlock & stifle?
A: Hock
(junior) TH82
Q: What color is the normal eye of the horse?
A: Brown
(junior) CAHA1/HIH220-3
Q: What part of the horse lies between the knee & fetlock?
A: Cannon
(junior) CAHA1
Q: What is the term for the base of a horse’s tail?
A: Dock
SENIOR
Easy
(Easy) CAHA1/TH142
Q: What part of the horse is located directly above the stifle?
A: Thigh
(Easy) HH8/TH142
Q: What is the part of the horse located between the rump & the quarter?
A: Buttocks
(Easy) HIH230-6
Q: How many pasterns does a horse have & what is the best angle?
A: Four pasterns 45 - 50 degree angle is best
(Easy) ABC4/TH98
Q: The muscles that control leg movement terminate where?
A: At the knees & hocks
(Easy) HIH220-3
Q: What is located between the elbow & the knee?
A: The forearm
(Easy) HIH220-6
Q: What is the term for the area between the last rib & the croup?
A: Coupling or loin
(Easy) HIH220-3
Q: What is another name for the fetlock joint?
A: Ankle
(Easy) HIH220-6
Q: Why should the pastern have adequate slope?
A: If it’s too straight, it doesn’t cushion the shock of the foot striking the ground and can lead to injury as well as a rough ride
(Easy) TH154/HH8
Q: Give 2 names for the area of the horse between the loin & the buttock
A: Croup, rump
(Easy) HH49
Q: What part of the foot is located between the plantar cushion & the insensitive frog?
A: Sensitive frog
(Easy) TH98
Q: Why is it difficult for cuts, bruises, etc. to heal below the knees or hocks?
A: There are no muscles below knees & hocks, therefore the blood supply is limited
(easy) HIH830-1
Q: What is the main purpose of the red blood cells?
A: To transport oxygen to the tissues & organs
(Easy) HIH830-1
Q: What is the easiest way to determine if the cardiovascular system is working?
A: Heart rate
(Easy) HIH1100-8/CAHA48
Q: The bit rests on what part of the horse’s mouth?
A: Bars or interdental space
(Easy) HIH220-3
Q: What is the name of the muscular part of the hind leg above the hock?
A: Gaskin
(Easy) HIH220-3
Q: What do you call the curved covering of horn over the foot?
A: Hoof
(Easy) TH696
Q: What is the purpose of the deep flexor tendon?
A: Flexes the hoof for each step
(Easy) TH696
Q: What is the purpose of the extensor tendon?
A: Causes the extension of the hoof for each step
(Easy) HIH220-6
Q: What is the ideal slope of the shoulder
A: 45 –50 degrees
(easy) TH151/HIH220-3
Q: What is the name for the part of the horse located at the junction of the neck & back?
A: Withers
(Easy) TH 90
Q: How many bones are in the horse’s body?
A: 205
(easy) FCH120/CAHA1
Q: What part of the horse lies between the withers and the point of the shoulder?
A: Shoulder (also accept thorax, scapula)
(easy) TH98
Q: Do the front legs or hind legs have the most joints?
A: Hind
(easy) CAHA8
Q: How many bones are in the sternum?
A: One
(easy) Ref CAHA68
Q: Where is the urine stored in the horse?
A: Bladder
(easy) Ref CAHA63
Q: Where does formation of red blood cells occur?
A; Bone marrow
(easy) TH121
Q: Who has better hearing – you or your horse?
A: Horse
(easy) CAHA45
Q: What part of the eyeball allows light to pass through to the lens?
A: Cornea
(easy) TH322
Q: How many teats does a mare have?
A: 2
(easy) TH129
Q: Name 2 areas of hair on the horse that do not shed
A: Mane, tail, eyelashes, tactile hairs on muzzle
Medium
(Medium) HIH220-6
Q: What is the first reason for proper shoulder & pastern angles?
A: Shock absorption
(medium) HIH220-6
Q: Name the 4 parts of the top line
A: Withers, Back, loin (coupling), croup
(medium) TH89
Q: What is the name of the science that studies the structure of the animal & the relationship of its parts?
A: Anatomy
(medium) HIH425-1,535-2/CAHA24
Q: Two grooves separate the sole from the frog. These lines are called what?
A: Collateral grooves or commissures (sulci)
(Medium) TH145/ABC3
Q: The spring-like action which absorbs concussion during movement is called what?
A: Shock absorption
(Medium) HIH230-2
Q: What is another name for the shoulder blade of a horse?
A: Scapula 2
(Medium) HIH810-1
Q: What is another name for the windpipe?
A: Trachea
(Medium) CAHA77
Q: Where is the pituitary gland located?
A: At the base of the brain
(medium) HIH810-1
Q: What 2 gases are exchanged in the alveolar area of the lungs?
A: Oxygen & carbon dioxide
(medium) HIH810-1
Q: On exhalation, what is the main gas that’s exhaled?
A: Carbon dioxide
(Medium) HIH810-1
Q: If the horse increases its’ movement, does the minute go up or down?
A: Increases (goes up)
(Medium) HIH830-1
Q: What is the largest muscular organ of the cardiovascular system?
A: Heart
(medium) HIH830-2
Q: What could cause the heart rate to increase?
A: Increased activity (exercise), anxiety or stress
(medium) HIH840-1
Q: What is the largest tissue mass in a horse’s body?
A: Muscles
(Medium) HIH505-5
Q: How does blood flow get into the hoof?
A: Heart pumps blood through arteries ton the hoof
(Medium) TH146
Q: Steep shoulders are usually associated with what type pasterns?
A: Short & steep
(Medium) TH 89
Q: The sciences that study the relationship of form to function are called what?
A: Anatomy & physiology
(Medium) TH96
Q: What term refers to the upper surface of the vertebrae?
A: Spinous process
(Medium) TH98
Q: Which bone in the horse is similar to the human kneecap?
A: Patella of the stifle joint
(medium) TH98
Q: Which joint of the horse is similar to the human heel?
A: Hock
(medium) TH97
Q: What is the main bone of the forearm called?
A: Radius
(medium) TH97
Q: What is the heaviest & strongest bone in the horse’s body?
A: Femur
(Medium) TH98
Q: Why do injuries to ligaments heal slowly?
A; They have a limited blood supply
(Medium) TH99
Q: Are skeletal muscles voluntary or involuntary?
A: Voluntary
(Medium) TH104
Q: What is the primary purpose of the respiratory system?
A: To oxygenate blood
(medium) TH708
Q: Why can a horse rest standing up?
A: The legs have a locking mechanism
(medium) FCH38
Q: In order to successfully transport oxygen, hemoglobin must combine with what mineral?
A: Iron
(medium) CAHA61
Q: What artery is the main blood supply to the head?
A: Carotid
(medium) CAHA8
Q: How many pairs of ribs does a horse have?
A: 18
(medium) CAHA26
Q: The digital artery supplies blood to what part of the horse?
A: Feet
(medium) TH154
Q: What should be the widest part of the hindquarters?
A: Stifle
(medium) Ref CAHA6
Q: What 2 areas of the horse each contain 40 bones?
A: Front & hind limbs
(medium) Ref CAHA7
Q: Where would one find the coccygeal vertebrae part of the spinal column?
A: Tail
(medium) Ref TH90
Q: What is the proper name for the bony socket that surrounds & protects the eye?
A: Orbital cavity
(medium) Ref TH687
Q: What are the small extensions of bone on each side of the coffin bone called?
A: Wings of coffin bone
(medium) CAHA57
Q: Which artery carries oxygen poor blood from the heart to the lungs?
A; Pulmonary
(medium) CAHA23
Q: The blood supply to the foot is furnished by what 2 digital arteries?
A: Medial and lateral
(medium) CAHA4
Q: What are tactile hairs?
A: The coarse, “feeling” hairs that protrude from around the nostrils, lips & eyelids – whiskers (not eyelashes)
(medium) CAHA6, 1
Q: What is the main bone between the stifle & hock?
A: Tibia
(medium) CAHA77
Q: Where is the hypothalamus located?
A: Base of the brain
(medium) TH119
Q: What system provides immediate response to the environment?
A: Nervous
(medium) TH82
Q: What color are a horse’s hooves at birth?
A: Usually white
(medium) CAHA52
Q: What is the final part of the horse’s digestive tract?
A: Rectum
(medium) CAHA41
Q: What is the mandible?
A: Lower jawbone
(medium) CAHA4
Q: Being specific, where are chestnuts located on a horse?
A: Front legs – inside surface above knees
Hind legs – inside surface of legs at bottom of hock
(medium) TH691
Q: What is the largest joint in the horse?
A: Stifle
(medium) CAHA12
Q: What is another name for the distal sesamoid bone?
A: Navicular
(medium) CAHA43
Q: What is the horse’s auricle?
A: External ear
(medium) CAHA7
Q: What are the first 2 cervical vertebrae called?
A: Atlas & axis
(medium) TH91
Q: What is the largest bone in the horse’s head?
A: Mandible (lower jaw)
(medium) BEG106-3
Q: What is the name of the bone that’s shaped like a miniature hood?
A: Coffin bone
(medium) HIH810-1
Q: In what units in respiration measured?
A: Breaths per minute (BPM)
(medium) ADV323
Q: What is measured from the chest floor to the top of the withers?
A: Depth of heart or heart girth
(medium) BEG119
Q: To which side of the heart does blood return from the body?
A: Right
Hard
(Hard) HIH230-1/ABC10
Q: The durability of a horse to do work depends on what?
A: On his action / feet & legs
(Hard) HIH230-2
Q: What is the technical name for the hoof?
A: Third phalange
(Hard) HIH230-2
Q: Where are the cervical vertebrae located?
A: In the neck
(Hard) TH98
Q: What are cannon, pastern & foot actions controlled by?
A: Ligaments & tendons
(Hard) HIH230-2-picture
Q: Which vertebra of a horse is the most upright member of the spinal column?
A: 15th
(Hard) TH683
Q: How are the front legs attached to the main skeleton?
A: By muscles (also ligaments)
(Hard) HIH810-1
Q: Why can’t a horse breath through its’ mouth?
A: Blocking action of the soft palate
(Hard) HIH230-2TH96
Q: How many cervical vertebrae does a horse have?
A: Seven
(Hard) ABC 18,19/HIH220
Q: Can you explain where the gaskin muscle is & what it ties into?
A: Gaskin muscle is just above the hock & ties into the thigh
(Hard) HIH1100-8
Q: What is another name given to the chin area of your horse?
A: Curb groove (chin groove)
(Hard) HS6
Q: Where is the horse’s center of gravity located?
A: About the rider’s knee in the mid-section of the horse OR 6 inches behind the elbow
(the point above & behind the elbow in the center of the body – from the side this point is near the outer edge of the 8th rib)
(Hard) HS 7
Q: How can a horse’s center of gravity be altered?
A: By rider shifting his weight or by horse raising, lowering or extending his head
(Hard) HS7
Q: How far behind the center of gravity is the center of motion?
A: 10 inches
(Hard) TH152
Q: What part of the horse’s anatomy is responsible for its forward propulsion ?
A: Hind legs/rear quarters
(Hard) TH145
Q: At rest, what percent more weight do the front legs support than the hind legs?
A: 9 – 10%
(Hard) TH158
Q: Why is there less lameness & unsoundness occurring in the hind feet & legs?