American History Mid-Term

Study Guide – American History page 9

AMERICAN HISTORY MID-TERM STUDY GUIDE – Student copy

INDUSTRIALIZATION, IMMIGRATION, URBANIZATION

1. What is the main purpose of antitrust legislation in the US?

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2. What was the first anti-trust legislation passed by congress?

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3. Why did native citizens of the U.S. have negative attitudes toward the “new immigrants” during the late 19th century?

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4. Henry Bessemer is most well known as what?

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5. Iron ore is primarily used in the production of what?

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6. What invention of Henry Ford’s made the mass production of automobiles and other products possible?

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7. Why did the United States follow a policy of unrestricted immigration for Europeans during most of the 1800’s?

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8. The idea that only the strongest companies survive is known as what?

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9. During the period from 1865 to 1900, disputes between labor and management were often marked by what?

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10. What are John and Washington Roebling best known for designing? _________________________

11. The Rockefeller Foundation, Carnegie Hall, and the Morgan Library illustrate various ways that entrepreneurs and their descendants have done what?

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12. During the latter half of the 19th century, many business organizations in the United States combined into large corporations so they could do what?

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13. The name of the company that John D. Rockefeller founded was what? _____________________

14. From what country did immigrants come in between 1840 and 1860, primarily due to a potato famine in their own country? __________________________

15. The philosophy of scientific management is know by what other name? ________________________

16. The Haymarket Riot involved what and where?

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17. At the end of the 19th century, the population of cities got much larger. In part this was because of the increasing number of immigrants. What other large group migrated to cities during this period?

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18. The Pullman Strike of 1894 is a turning point because it led to what?

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19. What was the purpose of “yellow dog” contracts? _____________________________________

20. How did industrial growth affect the distribution of wealth in America?

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21. For which of the following were the industrialists of the age of “big business” generally admired?

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WESTERN MOVEMENT

22. In the second Sioux War, General Armstrong Custer was defeated by the Sioux and Cheyenne tribes. What two Indian chiefs killed Custer and his men? _______________________________________

23. Which of the following treaties resulted in Florida becoming part of the United States?

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24. The Transcontinental Railroad was completed on May 10, 1869 in what location?

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25. The last major battle between the Indians and the U.S. Cavalry was what? ___________________

26. The mining boom first began with the discovery of gold where? ____________________________

27. What did the Homestead Act of 1862 require homesteaders to do to qualify for a land grant?

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28. Chief Joseph and the Nez Perce’ did what?

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29. The passage of the Homestead Act and completion of the transcontinental railroad helped to fulfill the United States’ commitment to do what? ______________________________________________

30. The phrase “Manifest Destiny” refers to what?

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31. The term “Trail of Tears” refers to what?

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32. At what battle was Santa Anna defeated by General Sam Houston? ________________________

33. What happened at the battle at Wounded Knee?

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34. What was a bonanza farm?

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35. An example of western women’s great progress toward independence was what?

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33. One way in which reformers tried to “civilize” Native Americans was to do what?

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POLITICS, IMMIGRATION, AND URBAN LIFE (1877-1920)

34. What was a major cause of corruption in government during the Gilded Age? ____________________

34. Why did immigration laws discriminate against the Chinese?

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35. What was the major reason why some immigrants were denied entry to the United States?

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36. What was the result of both immigration and the increased productivity of factories in the post-Reconstruction era?

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37. What were some of the urban living conditions in the late 1800s and early 1900s?

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38. Why did many immigrants support city political machines?

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39. According to nativists, what was a major cause of urban problems? ____________________________

40. What precedent did the Interstate Commerce Commission establish?

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41. What area did most immigrants come from in the 1890s?

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42. In the Gilded Age, what was a common practice of business leaders to influence American politics?

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43. What was the original purpose of the Interstate Commerce Act?

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44. What became a very popular form of entertainment during the late 1800s (sport)? ________________

45. Why did most immigrants to the United States settle in larger cities at the turn of the century?

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46. Why were laws requiring individuals to pass civil service examinations to obtain government jobs passed? ___________________________________________________________________________

47. What is yellow journalism? ____________________________________________________________

48. How could the period of the Gilded Age be described?

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49. What did Free Traders want done with tariffs ? ____________________________________________

50. Name two well-known newspaper publishers who got their start during the Gilded Age?

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51. Describe the presidency of Ulysses S. Grant.

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52. How would you define graft? ___________________________________________________________

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53. What was Boss Tweed’s political machine known as? ___________________________________

54. During the Gilded Age, at what level of government was graft taking place? _________________

55. What German philosopher wrote The Communist Manifesto? _________________________

56. Who was the founder of the American Socialist Party? ______________________________

CULTURAL AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATIONS (1870-1915)

57. Both W.E.B. Du Bois and Booker T. Washington urged African Americans to do what?

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58. What did many African Americans experience when they moved to the North in the late 1800s and early 1900s?

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59. What tactic in the early 1900s, did the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) use to change things for African Americans? ______________________________________________________________________________________

60. In the late 1800s, middle-class women seemed most interested in doing what? ________________________________________________________________________________

61. In the late 1800s, which group of women typically worked outside the home? ___________________

62. Which document opposed interference in the Western Hemisphere by European nations? _______________________________________________________________________________________

63. Seward’s Folly is a satirical moniker for what? _________________________

64. What factors caused the U.S. to declare war on Spain in 1898:

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65. The Panama Canal was built across the Isthmus of Panama, an area that had been controlled by what country before the Panamanian Revolution?____________________________________

66. Which president favored “substituting dollars for bullets?”____________________________________

67. What is Jingoism? __________________________________________________________________

68. Which Navy commander, later promoted to Admiral, destroyed the Spanish fleet in the Philippines during the Spanish-American War? ____________________________________________________

70. At one time European powers had divided China into distinct areas, each country controlling the economic development in each distinct area. What is this division known as? ________________________________________

71. What is an explanation of imperialism?

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72. Who is the source for the following quote: “Speak softly, but carry a big stick.”? __________________

73. What is patronage? _________________________________________________________________

74. What two resources were discovered in Alaska, proving that the purchase of Alaska was not a “folly?”

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75. Because the Spanish American War was so short and yet gained so much for the United States, Secretary of State John Hay nicknamed the war what? __________________________________________________________________________________

76. Why did many of Roosevelt’s opponents disapprove of his building the Panama Canal?

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77. Which of the following statements accurately describes the paradox of power experienced by the US in the early 1900s?

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78. Why did the United States follow a policy of expansionism in the late 1800s?

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79. Why was the building of the Panama Canal important?

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THE PROGRESSIVE ERA

80. What characterized the Progressive Era?

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81. What people or groups practiced the notion of social gospel?

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82. What is a muckraker? _______________________________________________________________

83. Local governments were completely restructured during the Progressive Era, nearly all of them eliminating the political machines that once controlled them. What event pushed this reform? ________________________________________________________________________________________

84. Which author and which president are the most responsible for the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act? ____________________________________________________________________________________

85. What did Jim Crow laws do?__________________________________________________________

86. What was Booker T. Washington’s objective for African Americans?

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87. Which action was necessary to change from the indirect to the direct election of United States Senators? ______________________________________________________________________________

88. What reforms did Robert LaFollette fight for?

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89. What were the Wobblies?

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90. What organization did W.E.B. DuBois co-found? __________________________________________

91. A referendum is what? ______________________________________________________________

92. The Nineteenth Amendment, added to the U.S. Constitution in 1920, did what?

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93. What is Ida B. Wells, a newspaper journalist and muckraker. most well known for?

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94. What was Worker’s compensation was designed to do?

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95. How did President Roosevelt react to the United Mine Workers’ strike in 1902?

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WORLD WAR I

97. What British passenger ship was sunk which ultimately paved the way for the United States’ entry into World War I?

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98. Who were the Black Hands?

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99. What style of warfare most characterized World War I? _______________________________

100. Where was the Western Front located?

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101. What international organization was proposed in Wilson's Fourteen Points but was never accepted in the United States?

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102. Who was the commander of the United States WWI troops (AEF)? _______________________

103. What is the single event which is considered the “spark” that ignited World War I?

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104. What was the ruling government in Germany immediately following WWI?_______________________

105. What was in the Zimmermann telegram?

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106. Czar Nicholas II was the leader of which country at the start of World War I? ___________________________

107. What were Liberty Bonds used for? ________________________________

108. What was the overall result of the passage of the Espionage Act, Sabotage Act and Sedition Act?

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109. What were some of the characteristics of The Versailles Treaty?

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110. What did President Wilson do to gain support for the Versailles Treaty and the League of Nations in the Senate?

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111. Why did a recession hit the United States after WW1?

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THE 1920S

112. Why did residential construction in the 1920s boom?

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113. Why did the motion picture industry boom during the 1920s? ______________________________________

114. What is a bootlegger? – ______________________________________________________________

Who is Marcus Garvey? –___________________________________________________________

What is a flapper – ________________________________________________________________

115. Those were people who favored Prohibition known as? ____________________

116. Who wrote the following line: “What happens to a dream deferred?” ___________________________

117. What is nativism?___________________________________________________________________

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118. What president is The Teapot Dome scandal associated with?________________________________

119. What act started the era of Prohibition?___________________________________________

120. In New York City, a flourishing African-American culture developed which prompted artists and writers like Langston Hughes, Countee Cullen, and Zora Neale Hurston to express themselves. This was known as what? __________________________________________________________________

121. What trial is considered to be the trial of the decade and is also known as the Monkey Trial? _______________________________________________

122. Who was considered the worst president of all times? ____________________________________

123. Which pilot made the first successful solo trans-Atlantic flight? _____________________________

124. Who was the leader of the Anti-Saloon League? ________________________________________

125. Who was the most infamous bootlegger during the Roaring Twenties?_______________________

126. What do Fundamentalist believe? _______________________________________________________________

127. Who was the attorney who defended Scope in the Scopes Money Trial? _______________________

128. The Palmer raids and the Sacco and Vanzetti case demonstrated were examples of what?

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129. What did Marcus Garvey encourage among African Americans? ________________________________________________________________________________________

130. Why was Herbert Hoover elected President in 1928?

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131. What was a negative result of prohibition during the 1920s? _________________________________

132. What was the main goal of the Ku Klux Klan in the 1920s? __________________________________

133. Why did many Americans fear Vladimir I. Lenin and his followers, the Bolsheviks?

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DEPRESSION

134. Although it cannot be pinpointed as to when the Great Depression actually began, many historians cite which date as the beginning? ________________________________________________

135. Although it cannot be pinpointed as to when the Great Depression actually ended, many historians cite which date as the end? ______________________________________________________

136. What was the day of the stock market crash, which is when the Great Depression began, known as?

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137. Who photographed much of the Great Depression? _______________________________________

138. What is the practice of buying stocks on “credit” called? ____________________________________

139. The term Dust Bowl refers to what? _______________________________________________________________________________________

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140. Nine black teenagers were removed from a train in Alabama and charged with rape, vagrancy and disorderly conduct in 1931. The case drew national attention because of the overwhelming evidence that proved their innocence in spite of their convictions. What were these young men known as? ________________________________________________________________________

141. Who made the following statement: “We in America today are nearer to the final triumph over poverty than ever before in the history of any land.” ____________________________________________

142. Who were the members of the Bonus Army? ____________________________________________

143. Many unemployed Americans lost their homes and built shantytowns from cardboard and discarded materials on the outskirts of cities. What were these makeshift housing arrangements known as? _________________________________

144. How did Franklin Roosevelt regularly reassure the American public that they should not give up hope during the Great Depression? _________________________________________________________________________________

145. What was the Black Cabinet?

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146. Who came up with the Robin Hood style plan, known as “Share-the-Wealth”, for overcoming the financial troubles caused the Great Depression? ____________________________________________

147. To what position was Mrs. Frances Perkins appointed by Franklin D. Roosevelt?

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148. What was the purpose of F.D.R.s court-packing scheme?

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