Rev. 5/2007 BSC 1085

Dr. Vince Scialli

ORIENTATION

&

INTRODUCTION

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY I

LECTURE 1

OVERVIEW & BASIC CONCEPTS

All living things share functions & characteristics

FUNCTIONS SURVIVAL NEEDS

Boundaries Nutrients

Movement CHO

Responsiveness Protein

Digestion Lipids ~ Fats Metabolism Excretion Oxygen

Reproduction & Repair

Development & Growth Water

Aging is NOT a basic function or survival need

Homeostatic Balance Required ~ Changes Cause Imbalance

Anatomy . . . . . . . . . study of structure

Physiology . . . . . . . study of function

Structures are understood by what they do

“UNITY of STRUCTURE & FUNCTION”

Body is a “Spider Web”

ANATOMY

Definition: Study of Internal & External Body Structures

“To Cut Apart” - Greek

See . . . touch . . . feel

Very Specific “Static” Images

Objective & Concrete

PHYSIOLOGY

Definition: How body parts function & sustain life

Involves: Cellular or Molecular Changes

Chemistry & Physics

Less Specific ~ must interpret, think & assess

Applied Learning ~ Clinical Application

Not Visible . . . but measurable

Anatomical changes usually result in physiologic changes

Physiologic changes may result in anatomical changes

Types of Anatomy ~ Read In Text

Gross Anatomy ~ Macroscopic Anatomy

Visible to naked eye . . . involves Large body parts

EG: Heart Lungs Kidneys Other Organs

Superficial Anatomy ~ Surface or just beneath skin

Regional Anatomy ~ all structures in a body area

Systemic Anatomy ~ Specific “Organ Systems” - 11

EG: Cardiovascular System

Nervous System

Microscopic Anatomy ~ Cannot see with naked eye

Must use microscope

Cytology ~ Study of “individual” body cells

Histology ~ Study of body tissues & many body cells

Types of Physiology ~ Not Covered in Lecture . . . Read in Text

Cell Physiology

Function of cells at chemical & molecular level

Intra-cellular - Chemical processes within cells

Inter-cellular - Chemical processes between cells

Extra-cellular or Interstitial

Systemic Physiology

Functioning of specific organ systems

Renal Physiology . . . Reproductive Physiology

Neurophysiology . . . Cardiovascular Physiology

Pathological Physiology

Study of functions of diseased organs & systems

STRUCTURAL LEVELS ORGANIZATION ~ Complexity

1. Chemical

Atoms & molecules ~ Smallest units of structure

EG: C H+ O-- N K+ Na+ Ca++

Water . . . most voluminous . . . 70% of body wt.

CHO, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids, Energy

2. Cellular

Smallest unit of living things ~ Specialized function

Billions of body cells . . . Hundreds of cell types

Learn 30 different cell types in Lab

“Organelles” Structural & functional components

3. Tissue Four Types in Body

Epithelial Tissue . . . covers body surfaces

Nervous Tissue . . . electric impulses

Muscle Tissue . . . provides movement

Connective Tissue . . . support & protects

Bones Tendons Cartilage Ligaments

Blood Lymph Adipose

4. Organ

Composed of at least two types of tissue

Perform specific simple or complex functions

EG: Stomach Heart Bladder

Liver Brain Lungs

Kidney Intestines Eye

5. Organ System

Composed of at least two types of organs

Inter-dependent ~ inter-connected

11 ORGAN SYSTEMS

BSC 1085 BSC 1086

Integument Endocrine

Skeletal Cardiovascular

Muscular Respiratory

Nervous Digestive

Urinary

Lymphatic / Immune

6. Organism Level ~ The Body

Sum total of all structural levels working together in homeostatic balance . . . to sustain life

HOMEOSTASIS

&

LANGUAGE

OF

ANATOMY

LECTURE 2

HOMEOSTASIS

Everything in body works to achieve & maintain HOMEOSTASIS

Body maintains stable internal environment in changing external environment

Internal equilibrium kept with-in very narrow limits

EG: Body Temperature ~ 98.6o F or 37o C

Blood Pressure ~ 120/80

Heart Rate ~ 72 beats/minute

Balance is Vital for survival

All organ systems involved ~ Total inter-dependence

HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE

Something is out of balance . . . “out of wack”

Results in disease or dysfunction

Caused by: Normal Aging Sickness

Inflammation Injury/Trauma

Tumors/Cancer Birth Defects

Chemical Imbalances

How does homeostasis work?

Mechanisms of Homeostatic Regulation

1. Intrinsic Regulation ~ Auto-regulation

Cells, tissue, organs, & systems adjust automatically in response to environment change

NO External stimulus from other

EG: Food present in stomach mechanically

stimulates secretion of digestive enzymes

2. Extrinsic Regulation~ controlled from other areas

Nervous System

Controlled by Nerve Impulse ~ electric charge

Effect lasts as long as stimulus is present

Rapid, short term, specific responses

EG: Burn Hand ~ Reflex Response

Endocrine System

Controlled by Hormone Release into blood

Slower Response . . . but longer lasting

Response more generalized & systemic

EG: Oxytocin during birth

Milk Letdown ~ Uterus Contraction

HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL MECHANISMS

“FEEDBACK LOOPS”

1. Receptor ~ “Sensor”

Detects stimuli changes & imbalance signals

Sends signals to Control Center via pathways

2. “Afferent” Sensory Pathways ~ one way only

Carries info to CONTROL CENTER via neurons

3. Control Center ~ Brain & Spinal Cord

Receives signal from receptor via afferent sensory pathways

Analyzes & processes input information

Determines appropriate response ~ COMMAND

Sends command to target or EFFECTOR organ

4. “Efferent” Motor Pathways ~ one way only to organ

Carries command to target organ

5. Effector Organ ~ TARGET ORGAN

Responds to Control Center commands

Initiates: NEGATIVE or POSITIVE “Feed Back”

HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL MECHANISMS

NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

MOST homeostatic control mechanisms are NEGATIVE

“SHUT OFF” mechanism – “opposes stimuli”

CYCLIC = “on . . . off . . . on . . . off”

“up . . . down . . . up . . . down”

Controls MINIMAL & SUBTILE Continuous Body Events within normal ranges to maintain HOMEOSTASIS

Examples:

START High Blood Sugar (imbalance) → Insulin Release

Insulin → Cells & Liver to Utilize Sugar

RESULT → Lower Blood Sugar

Other Example of 24/7 normal continuous subtle changes:

Heart Rate

Blood Pressure

Body Temperature

Breathing Rate ~ CO2

Homeostasis ~ Restores Normal Range

HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL MECHANISMS

POSITIVE FEEDBACK

“TURN-ON” mechanism

Enhances or exaggerates original stimuli

Change moves in “same” direction ~ until stimuli removed

LINEAR. . . then STOPS

Involves: infrequent but usually RAPID & SUDDEN events

Involves larger, more dynamic changes ~ NOT subtle

Could Be Normal or Abnormal

Examples: Child Birth ~ Oxytocin ~ Normal

Blood Clotting Mechanism ~ Normal

Excessive Body Temperature ~ Harmful

LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY

“Our Universal Road Map”

We Must Understand Medical Terminology as our:

North . . . South . . . East . . . West

Determined by: Anatomical Position

Body Regions & Sub-Regions

Body Cavities

Directional Terms ~ MOST common

Anatomical Planes ~ Sectional Views

Anatomical Position: Body is erect

Facing forward

Feet together

Arms at sides

Palms forward

BODY REGIONS

Specific Areas of the body ~ fairly precise

Axial Skeleton ~ main axis of body ~ rotates around vertebrae

Head

Neck

Trunk or Torso

Appendicular Skeleton ~ appendages (limbs) & pectoral &

pelvic girdles

Regions by specific anatomical areas ~ more precise

Nasal Region Oral Region

Cervical Region Axillary Region

Brachial Region Carpal Region

Thoracic Region Mammary Region

Abdominal Region Umbilical Region

Pelvic Region Sacral Region

Lumbar Region Inguinal Region

Gluteal Region Femoral Region

Patellar Region Popliteal Region

Tibial Region Tarsal Region

Quadrant Regions

Large General Areas ~ NOT precise

Important for Paramedics & EMT ~ Emergency Rooms

Abdominal & Pelvic Quadrants

Right Upper Quadrant ~ RUQ

Left Upper Quadrant ~ LUQ

Right Lower Quadrant ~ RLQ

Left Lower Quadrant ~ LLQ

Internal Organ Location Regions ~ “Very Precise”

Right Hypo-chondriac Region ~ rib cartilage area

Epi-gastric Region ~ above stomach

Left Hypo-chondriac Region ~ rib cartilage area

Right Lumbar Region

Umbilical Region

Left Lumbar Region

Right Inguinal Region

Hypo-gastric (pubic) Region ~ below stomach

Left Inguinal Region

LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY

Directional Road Map

North . . . South . . . East . . . West

“Directional” Terms: MOST COMMONLY USED

Precisely locates body parts relative to one another

Superior (cranial) Inferior (caudal)

Anterior (front) Posterior (back)

Ventral (belly) Dorsal (spine)

Medial (middle) Lateral (side)

Proximal (origin) Distal (away from)

Superficial (external) Deep (internal)


Body Planes ~ Sectional Views

3-dimensional views

Body viewed along imaginary “cut” lines

Important in electronic imaging techniques ~ diagnostics

X-Rays … Ultrasound … CT Scans … MRI’s … PET Scan

1. Saggital ~ Median

Vertical Plane ~ top to bottom

Divides body into RIGHT & LEFT half

2. Frontal ~ Coronal

Vertical Plane ~ top to bottom

Divides body into Anterior & Posterior

FRONT BACK

3. Transverse ~ Cross Section ~ “oblique”

Horizontal Plane ~ side to side

Divides body into Superior & Inferior parts

TOP BOTTOM

Body Cavities ~ Large Chambers

Contain many vital organs

Protective ~ Cushioning ~ Isolating

EG: Brain & Spinal Cord

Allow for significant changes in size & shape

EG: Lungs . . . . . . . . . thoracic cavity

Intestines . . . . . . abdominopelvic

Bladder . . . . . . . pelvic cavity

Dorsal Body Cavity ~ smaller ~ along back

Cranial Cavity ~ Brain

Spinal Cavity ~ Spinal Cord

Ventral Body Cavity ~ much larger ~ front

Thoracic Cavity: Pleural Cavity(s) ~ lungs

Mediastinum (not a cavity)

Pericardial Cavity ~ heart

Abdominopelvic Cavity: Abdominal Cavity

Pelvic Cavity

Body Cavity Serous Membranes

Membrane Barriers ~ line body cavities

Organs covered by moist serous membranes

“Viscera” ~ organs contained in body cavities

Cover surfaces of viscera & external organ surfaces

Secrete protective watery substance coating viscera

“Serous Fluid” ~ transudate

Permits expansion . . . protection . . . lubrication

Prevents rubbing friction between organs

Prevents organs from sticking to one another

Reference Material

This material will not be covered in lecture but represents information that you should review and understand. It is intended to be supplemental to the lecture notes & your text reading.

NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS

1. Maintain Boundaries – “Organization”

External Boundaries ~ Integumentary System – skin

Internal Environment

Kept with-in tolerable limits

Impermeable Membranes

Permeable Membranes – selective

2. Movement and Manipulation

External Movement ~ move from place to place ~ locomotion

EG: Musculo-skeletal system ~ Muscles & Bones

Internal Movement ~ Propulsion of materials within body

EG: Peristalsis – food, waste

Heart as a pump - blood

Muscle Contractility

3. Responsiveness – Irritability

Ability to sense change . . . from stimuli & ability to respond to stimuli

Don’t have to think about it ~ reflex reaction

EG: Burn or cut hand à Reflex Response

CO2 buildup in blood à Rapid Breathing

Hair Growth

Controlled by Nervous System

4. Digestion ~ Process of breaking down ingested food → simple molecules that can

be absorbed into blood

EG: Digestive System

Cardiovascular System

5. Metabolism ~ Chemical reactions in body cells

Absorbtion of nutrients

“Catabolism” – Breaking down

“Anabolism” – Synthesizing or building up

“Cellular Metabolism” ~ cellular respiration

Using nutrients and O2 to produce ATP

“energy molecules that fuel cell activity”

EG: Digestive System

Respiratory System – O2

Cardiovascular System

Endocrine System

6. Excretion ~ Eliminate Harmful & Useless Waste

EG: Digestive System – indigestible materials

Urinary System – Nitrogenous Waste

Respiratory System – CO2

7. Reproduction

Cellular Reproduction – cell divides for Growth and Repair

Procreation – new offspring

Reproductive System

Endocrine System – hormones

Growth & Differentiation

Increase size & development of body parts or organism

Increase number of cells

Differentiation: sex organs

EG: Endocrine System ~ hormones

SURVIVAL NEEDS

1. Nutrients ~ Ingested in diet

EG: Digestive System

Carbohydrates – energy source

Proteins – building Blocks

Fats – insulation & protection

supplemental energy source

Vitamins – enzymes for chemical Rx

2. Oxygen

All cells require O2 to survive

Air is 20% O2

EG: Respiratory System ~ exchange

Cardiovascular System ~ transport

3. Water ~ 60 to 80% of body wt.

Primarily Ingested

Lost by evaporation from lungs & skin

Excreted in feces & urine

4. Body Temperature ~ 37 degrees Centigrade is normal - sensitive

Below 37 degrees – metabolism slows

Above 37 degrees – metabolism increases

5. Atmospheric Pressure ~ Pressure exerted by air on surface of body

Correct “AP” required for respiration and oxygenation of blood

EG: High Altitude ~ “milk container”

TERMINOLOGY FOR STUDYING ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY

Observation – “see”

Manipulation – “move”

Palpation – “feel”

Ascultation – “hear with stethoscope”

Percussion – “Tapping”

Microscope

Asking Questions

Listening

Temperature

Blood Chemistries

Fluid Analysis

Specialized Equipment – 3 “D” Views

Radiographs ~ X rays

MRI ~ magnetic resonance imaging

Ultrasound ~ sound waves

CT Scans ~ computerized tomography

Body Cavity Serous Membranes

Thoracic Cavity

Pleural Cavity ~ contains lungs

Visceral Pleura ~ serous membrane

Covers outer surface of lung

Parietal Pleura ~ serous membrane

Covers inner thoracic wall

Pericardial Cavity ~ surrounds heart

Visceral Pericardium ~ serous membrane

Covers heart

Parietal Pericardium ~ serous membrane

Covers opposite surface of pericardium

Abdominopelvic Cavity

Abdominal Cavity ~ superior

Peritoneal Cavity ~ houses liver, stomach, spleen, small intestine, parts of large intestine.

Parietal Peritoneum ~ serous membrane

Lines inner surface of body wall

Visceral Peritoneum ~ serous membrane

Covers enclosed organs

Retroperitoneal ~ outside Peritoneal Cavity

Between peritoneal lining & muscular wall of abdominal cavity. Kidneys are retro-peritoneal

Abdominopelvic Cavity

Pelvic Cavity ~ inferior

Contains part of large intestine, bladder, some reproductive organs

Organs covered by peritoneum

Overview of Anatomy & Physiology – Colored Lecture 8/15/2007 25