$$$001-000-000$3.1 Глоссарий
1.Nuclear terrorism (smuggling)(ядерныйтерроризм, контрабанда)– Nuclear terrorism denotes the use, or threat of the use, of nuclear weapons or radiological weapons in acts of terrorism, including attacks against facilities where radioactive materials are present. In legal terms, nuclear terrorism is an offense committed if a person unlawfully and intentionally “uses in any way radioactive material with the intent to cause death or serious bodily injury
2.Nuclear materials(ядерныематериалы)– Nuclear material refers to the metals gay, uranium, plutonium, and thorium, in any form, according to the IAEA. This is differentiated further into "source material", consisting of natural and depleted uranium, and "special fissionable material", consisting of enriched uranium (U-235), uranium-233, and plutonium-239. Uranium ore concentrates are considered to be a "source material", although these are not subject to safeguards under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.
3.Highly enriched uranium and plutonium(высокообогащенныйураниплутоний) – Enriched uranium is a kind of uranium in which the percent composition of uranium-235 has been increased through the process of isotope separation. Natural uranium is 99.284% 238U isotope, with 235U only constituting about 0.711% of its weight. 235U is the only nuclide existing in nature (in any appreciable amount) that is fissile with thermal neutrons.
4.Dirty bomb(грязнаябомба)– is a speculative radiological weapon that combines radioactive material with conventional explosives. The purpose of the weapon is to contaminate the area around the explosion with radioactive material, hence the attribute "dirty".
5.Nuclear forensics(ядернаякриминалистика)–is the analysis of a sample of nuclear or radioactive material and any associated information to provide evidence for determining the history of the sample material.
6.IAEA(МАГАТЭ)– The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) is an international organization that seeks to promote the peaceful use of nuclear energy, and to inhibit its use for any military purpose, including nuclear weapons.
7.Transuranium Elements (трансурановыеэлементы)– is are the chemical elements with atomic numbers greater than 92 (the atomic number of uranium). None of these elements are stable; they all decay radioactively into other elements.
8.Radioactivity (радиоактивность) – is the process whereby unstable atomic nuclei release energetic subatomic particles. The word radioactivity is also used to refer to the subatomic particles themselves. This phenomenon is observed in the heavy elements, like uranium, and unstable isotopes, like carbon-14.
9.Radioactive decay(радиоактивныйраспад) – the process by which an atomic nucleus of an unstable atom loses energy by emitting ionizing particles (ionizing radiation). The emission is spontaneous, in that the atom decays without any interaction with another particle from outside the atom (i.e., without a nuclear reaction).
10.Gamma ray (гаммалучи)– Gamma radiation, also known as gamma rays (denoted as γ), is electromagnetic radiation of high frequency (very short wavelength). They are produced by high energy sub-atomic particle interactions in natural processes and man made mechanisms.
11.Mass spectrometry(масс-спектрометрия) - Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique that measures the mass-to-charge ratio of charged particles. It is used for determining masses of particles, for determining the elemental composition of a sample or molecule.
12.Mass spectrometer (массспектрометр)– Is a physical device for separation of ionized atoms or molecules by their mass. Based on the effects of electric and magnetic fields on ion beams moving in vacuum. Was invented by English physicist F. Aston in 1919. This device can be used in physics, chemistry, biology and technics.
13.Mass spectrum – is a pattern representing the distribution of ions by mass (more correctly: mass-to-charge ratio) in a sample. It is usually acquired using an instrument called a mass spectrometer.
14.Ion (ион)is an atom or molecule in which the total number of electrons is not equal to the total number of protons, giving it a net positive or negative electrical charge. The name was given by physicist Michael Faraday for the substances that allow a current to pass ("go") between electrodes in a solution, when an electric field is applied. It is from Greek ιον, meaning "going".
15.Ionization (ионизация)– is the physical process of converting an atom or molecule into an ion by adding or removing charged particles such as electrons or other ions.
16.Cation (катион)– from the Greek word κατά (katá), meaning "down", is an ion with fewer electrons than protons, giving it a positive charge.
17.Mass analyzer(масс - анализатор) – device, in which the sorting of the ions by mass, more precisely against the mass to charge ratio or m / z.
18.The quadrupole mass analyzer– is one type of mass analyzer used in mass spectrometry. As the name implies, it consists of 4 circular rods, set highly parallel to each other. In a quadrupole mass spectrometer (acronym QMS) the quadrupole is the component of the instrument responsible for filtering sample ions, based on their mass-to-charge ratio (m/z). Ions are separated in a quadrupole based on the stability of their trajectories in the oscillating electric fields that are applied to the rods.
19.Detector (детектор) –is a device, which records either the charge induced or the current produced when an ion passes by or hits a surface. In a scanning instrument, the signal produced in the detector during the course of the scan versus where the instrument is in the scan (at what m/Q) will produce a mass spectrum, a record of ions as a function of m/Q.
20.Faraday cup is a metal cup that is placed in the path of the ion beam. It is attached to an electrometer, which measures the ion-beam current. Since a Faraday cup can only be used in an analog mode it is less sensitive than other detectors that are capable of operating in pulse-counting mode.
21.Direct current DC (постоянныйток) – is the unidirectional flow of electric charge. Direct current is produced by such sources as batteries, thermocouples, solar cells, and commutator-type electric machines of the dynamo type. Direct current may flow in a conductor such as a wire, but can also flow through semiconductors, insulators, or even through a vacuum as in electron or ion beams.
22.Radio frequency RF (радиочастота) is a rate of oscillation in the range of about 3 kHz to 300 GHz, which corresponds to the frequency of radio waves, and the alternating currents which carry radio signals.
23.Electron Multiplier(электронныйумножитель)– is a vacuum-tube structure that multiplies incident charges. In process called secondary emission, a single electron can, when bombarded on secondary emissive material, induce emission of roughly 1 to 3 electrons. If an electric potential is applied between this metal plate and yet another, the emitted electrons will accelerate to the next metal plate and induce secondary emission of still more electrons. This can be repeated a number of times, resulting in a large shower of electrons all collected by a metal anode, all having been triggered by just one.
$$$003-000-000$3.3 Практикалық сабақтар
Практикалық тапсырмалар теориялық материалды бекіту мақсатымен орындау үшін арналған.
$$$003-001-000$3.3.1Практикалық сабак №1 General information about professional English language. The world of science
Task: to readthe following text and write a short plan that is title of each paragraph of text. You can perform the task in Russian
Science and technology
We live in the fascinating and challenging world of science. It is a world that more and more over the ages, and especially in the 20th century has come to affect so much of our lives. It is involved with the way we travel, the homes we live in and the clothes we wear, how we become ill and how medicine can make us better, and has given us fantastic means of communicating and exploring.
The list of the inventations is rather long. We are on-lookers of great scientific achievements such as television and a computer. We can’t imagine our life withought a notebook or a radio. I’d like to speak in details about computers.
What is a computer?
A computer is an electronic device that stores information and allows changes in it through the use of instructions. A modern computer is capable of doing various tasks, like word processing and accounting. Personal computers are widely used but working on them requires some techniques.
A computer gives a lot of advantages to a user. The list of the advantages is rather long: computers give us access to the Internet- an international computer network. You can spread a lot of your free time surfing the Internet and get all sorts of information from it. You can enter the chat room with other Internet users and debate urgent problems on line. If you are connectable by e-mail, you can correspond with your own web page and place there information about yourself.
Today computers help people to do many things. Bankers use them to keep track of money. Telephone operators use them to put calls through. Without computers, weather forecasters would make more mistakes. Computers also help scientists to solve their problems. More than that computers help police to keep order in shops. Computers also help doctors to treat patients. Computers allow users to spend their free time and relax. But computers have some disadvantages. Computers can make people lazy. People waste their time when they play different games on a computer. People forget to go to the libraries, they often find information on the Internet. Wicked games can make people, especially children aggressive and stupid.
But in my view they have more advantages, that disadvantages. It’s an open secret that the computer is a source of education, entertainment and communication. And in my life the computer plays a very important role. It helps me to find information and relax. Though scientists have archived so much, scientific minds are still working at some urgent problems. I would like to mention some problems. One of them is finding and using alternative sources of energy. Scientists are also learning how to save and conserve energy. They have many problems with creating highly effective systems of communication. I can’t but mention one of the main problems. It is development of life on the planet.
I’d like to focus on the problem how to make our life longer and happier. It’s a well-known fact that nowadays people have a lot of artificial parts or implants inside them. There are some people who have problems with their health, especially with their hearts. And surgeons operate them on and put on implant inside them. Surgeons think that within 50 years one person in ten will have at least one artificial part inside.
Because science will be around us even more in the future, I think we-tomorrows adults must start learning today to be ready to take our places in this computerized, transistorized, antibiotic, nuclear and supersonic age!
$$$003-001-000$3.3.2 Практикалық сабак №2
Task:answered the following test.
- Қай сан дурыс емеc?
- Қай жауаб дурыс? I like tennis?
- Қайсы дурыс емес?
- Қайсы дурыс емес?
- Have you seen herсұраққа қандай жауаб дурыс болады?
- To bay етістікке қарама қарсы етістік
- Қай сөйлем дурыс емес?
- Қайсы дурыс емес?
- Whose book is it? Сұрағына дурыс емес жауабы
- Қай сөйлем дурыс?
- Қай сөйлем дурыс?
- Заводтағы нәрсе сақтайтын жер қалай аталады?
- Қай сөйлем дурыс емес?
- Қай сөз now сөзіне қарама қарсы болып келеді?
- Қайсы дурыс емес?
- Сөйлемді аяқтаныз as fresh as
- Қай сөйлем дурыс?
- Қай сөйлем дурыс?
- Қайсы дурыс емес?
- Қай сөйлем дурыс?
$$$003-001-001$3.3.1.3Практикалық сабак №3
Берілген abstract – ті оқып, талдау керек. Қарамен белгілеген сөйлемдер мен сөздерді жаттап, оларды келесі сабақтарда қолдану керек.
CORDIS focusжурналынан алынған мәтін: Advances in neutron detection
Advances in neutron detection.
From CORDIS № 22, March 2006
Abstract
This article dealswith registration of neutrons. Goals - to give general information about the detection of neutrons, to find partners for the project and to create a neutron detectors.
This paper divided into 3 main parts.The first part gives the reader an overview of the neutrons and neutron scattering.
In the second part describes in detail the small-angle scattering.Detection involves the conversion of the neutrons into charged particles that are then registered by a counter.
The following, finally part tells about a very fast 2D neutron detector for small-angle scattering devices. It is made up of 128 neutron position sensitive proportional counters mounted side by side over a 1 m2 detection area.
In conclusion the author encourages scientists to join the study on the development of detectors.
Key words:Neutron scattering, wavelengths, nanometersized, thermal neutron, detector, small angle scattering, proportional chambers.
$$$003-001-002$3.3.4Практикалық сабак №4
Берілген мәтінді аударып,оған абстракт жазу.
BIOFUEL - THE OTHER ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCE
Traditional fossil fuels, such as coal and crude oil, are non-renewable energy sources that generate harmful pollutants. Biofuel is an alternative energy source that offers many advantages. European research has targeted the improved conversion of biofuel to a usable form of raw gas through the application of catalytic materials. The problems associated with energy production from the consumption of fossil fuels have long been known. For several years now, research efforts have focused on identifying sustainable, less problematic sources of energy. Biofuel is one such possibility. It is generated from biological sources (i.e. living organisms such as agricultural crops, trees,etc.) and can be either gaseous, liquid or solid in form. Exploitation of biofuels requires both new technology and new consumer attitudes in order to be successful on a global scale.
Scientists from Sweden, Spain, Finland and The Netherlands have combined their expertise in a European-funded research project aimed at improving the efficiency of energy extraction from biofuel. Current methods of gasification of biofuels to produce raw gas of a quality high enough to be usable by engines are inefficient and generate tar deposits in the gasifier as a by-product. The tar deposits build up over time and necessitate periodic cleaning of the gasifier and the ducts between the gasifier and the engine.
The research focused on developing a new technique to convert the accumulated tar into useful gas components with the aid of catalytic materials. A 100 kWth biomass-to-electricity unit was constructed for testing purposes. A reversal flow tar converter (RFTC) was incorporated as part of the new process concept. The SPA (Solid Phase Adsorption) method,nominated to become the international standard for tar analysis, was applied.
Reduction of tar components sulphur and chlorine was achieved through catalysis by dolomite and nickel-based materials. The results of this research can assist the development of new gas cleaning reactors offering cost reductions and increased thermal efficiency, providing Europe an opportunity to lead the way in energy production from alternative fuels.
$$$003-001-002$3.3.1.5Практикалық сабак №5
Келесі мәтінге абстракт жазу
SOLAR ENERGY FOR COOLING SYSTEMS
Energy consumption for buildings is a costly expense, while the reliance on non-renewable forms of energy could lead to environmental problems, such as energy resource depletion, in the future. With this context in mind, a European consortium has designed a solar-assisted cooling machine that not only optimises the advantages of solar energy but also prioritises the qualities needed for commercial success.
Solar energy is a completely renewable energy resource that does not pollute the environment. These advantages make it worthwhile to utilise solar energy in a cost-effective and efficient manner. In response, a consortium of German, Spanish andPortuguese researchers created a solar-assisted gas-driven absorption cooling machine that can be used for the cooling purposes of many types of buildings.
This new technology improves on the drawbacks of standard solar-driven cooling machines. Current technology consists of a combination of a single effect absorption chiller (SE-AC) and furnaces that utilise oil or gas as fuel. When the solar heat supply is not sufficient for chilling, the system uses heat from the furnace for the absorption machine. Consequently, this switch in modes leads to a significant decrease in system efficiency. Therefore, these researchers aimed at designing an absorption cooling machine that is capable of utilising both solar energy from thermal collectors and naturalgas in a way that exhibits a heightened system efficiency. With a simulation phase that examined the actual cooling demands of an ordinary house and a hotel for many Iberian cities, the resulting data were utilised as input for the simulation of three solar-assisted cooling systems along with three solar collectors in order to compare the different energy and economic features. As a result, the most effective system was a mixedmode single/ double effect machine that yields the maximum energy savings along with a minimum increase in the yearly costs when compared to standard single effect devices. A prototype was developed and manufactured that optimizes the thermohydraulic properties of the system for solar usage while maximising the commercial value of the system’s design by building rectangular main heat exchangers thatlead to very compact dimensions of the system.
Moreover, the researchers want to increase the competitiveness of the European industry within the solar cooling and absorption chiller sectors. Also, the use of this technology could extend to the residential sector with the subsequent design of a small solar-assisted absorption cooling machine. Another application is its use in developing countries. A pure solar cooling device could be developed for places where cooling in hospitals and food storage is a difficult task.
$$$003-001-002$3.3.1.6Практикалық сабак №6
Келесі мәтінді аударып, онын ішінде have to, to be to модальдік етістіктерді тауып, сөйлемде қалай турғанын байқау.
$$$003-001-002$3.3.1.7Практикалық сабак №7
Келесі мәтінді аударып, онын ішінде have to, to be to модальдік етістіктерді тауып, сөйлемде қалай турғанын байқау.
$$$003-001-002$3.3.1.8Практикалық сабак №8, 9
Химиялық элементтер. Олардың адам денсаулығына зиян келтіруі.
Берілген мәтінге слайд құру және абстракт жазу.
$$$003-001-002$3.3.1.9Практикалық сабак №10,11
Қоршаған орта. Ластану мәселері.Берілген мәтіндерге абстракт жазу.
PLASMA TECHNOLOGY FOR POLLUTION CONTROL
The controlled utilisation of plasma energy has attracted the interest of researchers for the last three decades. A versatile system, implementing plasma technology, has now been developed for the treatment of polluted liquid and gaseous materials.
Plasma is a gas of charged particles, generally electrons and variousions. Most of the matter in the universe is in the plasma state (e.g. stars, the interplanetary and interstellar media are all plasmas), and they are a potential source of energy. Basic research has revealed some of the properties of plasma and it is now possible to produce plasma using electromagnetic waves, electrical fields and laser beams. A small number of plasma-based equipment has been developed lately in research projects for use in waste treatment and energy production.