A is for Allele!! But what is an allele?? Mendel (Father of Genetics) studied the height of pea plants. Some were tall and some were short.
1. An allele in the example above is: a) height b) tall c) Mendel
B is for baboon. Baboon fur is a shade of olive or brown. If Brown is dominant and olive is recessive,
2. What is the genotype for an olive furred baboon? ______
3. What are the genotypes for a brown furred baboon? (two answers) ______
Sharing 91% DNA similarities with humans is the Baboon. This particular Monkey is often argued to be an Ape instead. However, science has placed them into the area of being a Monkey based on a variety of contributing factors. There are 5 species of the Baboon and they are all part of the Old World Monkeys.
The Baboon certainly does have many characteristics that are different from other Monkeys. For example almost all Monkey species have a very flat nose. This one though features a very long and large nose. It consumes most of their face and so you can’t overlook exactly what type of Monkey it happens to be. The males have a nose that can be up to 7 times larger than that of the females. However, both genders do have a nose that you can’t help but notice!
C is for color-blindness.
4. Color-blindness is a a) sex-linked trait b) dominant trait c) incomplete
Dominance
5. Create a Punnett Square. Mom is a carrier (heterozygous) for color blindness and dad has normal vision.
Color blindness is not a form of blindness at all, but a deficiency in the way you see color. With this vision problem, you have difficulty distinguishing certain colors, such as blue and yellow or red and green.
Color blindness (or, more accurately, color vision deficiency) is an inherited condition that affects males more frequently than females. According to Prevent Blindness America, an estimated 8 percent of males and less than 1 percent of females have color vision problems.
Red-green color deficiency is the most common form of color blindness.
Much more rarely, a person may inherit a trait that reduces the ability to see blue and yellow hues. This blue-yellow color deficiency usually affects men and women equally.
D is for Dominant! Dominant traits are expressed any time there is at least one dominant allele.
6. How would you write the allele for the dominant trait – tall? ______
7. In the Punnett Square, what percentage of the offspring shows the dominant trait TALL? ______
TT / TtTT / Tt
SIX FINGERS IS A DOMINANT TRAIT! Whether or not a gene is dominant isn't the same as whether it is common, and in the case of the gene causing six fingers, it is indeed dominant, but also rare in the population.
The gene is likely be rare because historically, people with six fingers have found it harder to find a partner and so passed on their genes to fewer children than their five-fingered neighbors.
In modern times however, the sixth finger is removed from a child shortly after birth. Whether this results in an increase in people with six fingers isn't simple to predict - assuming the six-finger gene has no other effects, surgical removal of the sixth finger would remove the selective disadvantage but not confer any advantage, effectively rendering the gene neutral. If the practice of finger-removal was continued over a long enough time for evolution to have an effect, since the six-finger gene is rare it will most likely die out of the population over thousands of years
E is for Egg. This is one of two possible gametes.
8. What is the other gamete? ______
9. What is the female gamete?______
10. What is the male gamete?______
11. What is the process called when the two combine? ______
12. What is the process called to make the gametes?
a) mitosis b) meiosis c) fertilization
You might be surprised to find out that the human egg is one of the biggest cells in a woman’s body. It is about the size of a grain of sand and can actually be seen with the naked eye. To put this into perspective, an egg is about 4 times bigger than a skin cell, 26 times bigger than a red blood cell, and 16 times bigger than a sperm!
Once the egg has matured and is released from the ovary duringovulation, it goes into the fallopian tube where it lives for 12 to 24 hours. Conception is possible if sperm is already present in the fallopian tubes when the egg is released. Sperm can reach the egg in as little as 30 minutes. If conception is successful, the newly fertilized egg will travel out of the fallopian tube and implant into the uterus 6 to 10 days later. If the egg is not fertilized, it will simply dissolve and pass out with the menstrual flow.
F is for Family! A pedigree chart traces traits through a family.
The pedigree is a standard tool used by researchers. For example, in studies aimed at identifying genes that cause human genetic disorders, researchers must collect detailed information on relatives participating in the study, particularly those relatives who are affected with the disorder. Researchers compare the genes of affected individuals with the genes of those who did not inherit the disorder to identify the specific genes responsible. In other studies the disease-causing gene is known, and researchers study the genemutation(s). A pedigree can help identify which family members should be included in mutation analysis, as only those family members who are affected or are at-risk could carry a mutation. Researchers can also pictorially show laboratory data, such asgenotypesorhaplotypes, on the pedigree.
G is for genotype. Genotypes explain how the genetic makeup of the trait appears. This is shown as two alleles (usually the capital or lower case forms of ONE letter).
F f F = Full Lips
FF / FfFf / ff
F f = Thin lips
f
19. What are the genotypes of the parents in the punnett square? ______
20. What are the possible genotypes of the offspring? (in the punnett square?)______
21. What are the possible phenotypes of the offspring? ______
22. What percentage of the offspring will be homozygous for Full Lips? ______
23. What percentage of the offspring will be homozygous for Thin Lips? ______
24. What percentage of the offspring will be heterozygous for Full Lips? ______
25. What percentage of the offspring will be heterozygous for Thin Lips? ______
Many animal species have lips, of course. Butonly human lips have such a distinct borderbetween the pinkish, reddish parts and the surrounding skin, according to LiveScience. Scientists call this the “vermilion border.”
H is for both Heterozygous and Homozygous! You must know the difference!!!
One means that both alleles of the genotype are the same! The other indicates that genotype has two different alleles.
Write He for Heterozygous and Ho for Homozygous.
26. TT
27. Pp
28. dd
29. Ff
30. Which of the above would also be hybrid? ______
I is for incomplete dominance. One allele does not completely dominate another allele, and therefore results in a new phenotype during a cross of incomplete dominant traits. MAKE PUNNETT SQUARES FOR QUESTIONS 32 & 33!!
Examples of incomplete dominance are:
· A snapdragon flower that is pink as a result of cross-pollination between a red flower and a white flower when neither the white nor the red alleles are dominant.
· A brown fur coat on a rabbit as a result of one rabbit's red allele and one rabbit's white allele not dominating.
· A child with wavy hair as a result of one parent's curly hair and the other's straight hair.
· An Andalusian foul produced from a black and a white parent is blue.
· A carnation that is pink that is a result of cross-pollination between a red carnation and a white carnation.
J is for Jumbled! Often when there is a genetic disorder like Down Syndrome there is a jumbled mess during the process of making gametes!
Explain what happens in each stage of Meiosis II.
34. Prophase II
35. Metaphase II
36. Anaphase II
37. Telophase II
38. Explain using the information above to explain how a person might be born with Down’s syndrome.
The advantage ofDown syndrome screening testsis that they only require a bloodtestfrom the mother, and possibly an ultrasound, so there is no risk to thepregnancy. The diagnostictestsforDown syndromerequire putting a needle into the uterus or placenta and removing some fluid or tissue.
K is for King Henry VIII. King Henry really wanted a male heir!!
39. What are the sex-chromosomes for a male? ______
40. What are the sex-chromosomes for a female? ______
41. If a male gamete (sperm) were to fertilize and egg, what will the sex of the offspring be? ______
42. Why is the male responsible for the gender of the offspring? ______
______
Katherine of Aragon
Divorced
The first of Henry VIII's six wives,Katherine of Aragon(1485-1536) was a Spanish princess who was married to Henry for 18 years before he began divorce proceedings in his desperation to re-marry and produce a male heir.
Katherine had been pregnant six times but only one daughter, Princess Mary, laterMary I, had survived. Dying in 1536, Katherine wrote to Henry: 'Lastly, I make this vow, that mine eyes desire you above all things. Farewell.'
Anne Boleyn
Beheaded
The second of Henry VIII's six wives, Anne Boleyn (c1501-1536) was married to the King for only three years from 1533-1536.
Instead of the sought after male heir, Anne was pregnant with another princess, Elizabeth (laterElizabeth I).
Anne was supported by religious reformers but was also hated by many at court. After a miscarriage, her fate was sealed and she was arrested (and later executed at the Tower of London) for adultery and incest.
Jane Seymour
Died
Jane Seymour (c1509-1537) was the third of Henry VIII's six wives and the only wife to provide the King with the much longed for son and maleheir.
Having married Henry in May 1536, she gave birth to Prince Edward (later Edward VI) at Hampton Court Palace in 1537but died soon afterwards.
Henry had his son but grieved: 'Providence has mingled my joy with the bitterness of the death of her who brought me this happiness.'
Anne of Cleves
Divorced
Anne of Cleves (1515-1557) was the fourth of Henry VIII's six wives and at 24 was half Henry's age when they married in January 1540.
Henry first saw Anne of Cleves in a painting by Hans Holbein but in the flesh, Henry found Anne unattractive and began pursuing one of her maids of honour, Catherine Howard.
After six months the marriage was annulled yet Anne remained in England and on good terms with Henry VIII. He commanded that she be treated as 'the king's sister'
Catherine Howard
Beheaded
Henry VIII's fifth wife was an alluring teenager namedCatherine Howard(c1522-1542).
Married three weeks after his second divorce, rumours of Catherine's past and present love affairs reached a furious Henry. She was arrested at Hampton Court Palace and later taken to the Tower of London where she was beheaded in February 1542, aged about 21.
Kateryn Parr
Survived
Kateryn Parr (1512-1548) was the last of Henry VIII's sixwives.
Intelligent and devout, Kateryn loved Thomas Seymour but Henry's proposal could not be refused. She and Henry VIII married at Hampton Court Palace in July 1543. He was 52, she was 31.
After the King's death in 1547, Kateryn was free to marry Seymour but she died 15 months later, aged 36, having given birth to their daughter.