Name:______

Geology Study Guide

Date:______

Vocabulary

You must know the following terms and definitions:

  1. ______-a solid rock mass that is undisturbed by environmental conditions on the Earth’s crust
  2. ______- the idea that the continents have drifted or moved over time and are still moving
  3. ______-a movement of earth’s crust
  4. ______-the movement of sediment or soil from one location to another by means of water, wind, or ice.
  5. ______- acrack in the earth’s crustthat creates plate boundaries
  6. ______– is the study of the earth
  7. ______–super-heated water that expands and rises and shoots out of an opening in the ground in a column of water and steam. ______is a famous ______in Yellowstone National Park
  8. ______-ground water that comes to the surface when it is hearted by the mantle
  9. ______- molten rock on the Earth’s surface
  10. ______– hot, flowing rock below Earth’s surface
  11. ______-uplifted section of the surface of the Earth
  12. ______– huge land mass that existed about 200 million years ago
  13. ______– asheet of crust that sits on the mantle.
  14. ______-is a region in the Pacific Ocean where several active volcanoes are present and it is the site of frequent earthquakes.
  15. ______-a layer of soil beneath the topsoil
  16. ______-the topmost layer of soil composed mostly of organic material
  17. ______– opening in Earth’s crust through which melted rock reaches the surface
  18. ______- the wearing away of land, rock, or soil, by wind, water, ice, sand, and chemical processes

Inside the Earth:

You must know and be able to label the layers of the earth:

  1. ______
  2. ______
  3. ______
  4. ______

You must also understand that the coolest layer is the ______and the hottest layer is the ______.

You need to be able to explain howconvection currentsmove in the mantle. ______

Rocks

You need to know the names and formation of the three rock types:

  1. ______form when ______or ______cools and hardens.
  2. ______form when small parts of gravel, rock, sand, mud and silt are ______together.
  3. ______form when ______or ______rocks are heated, pressured, or chemically changed.

Mountains

You must know the four mountain types and how they are formed.

______Mountains: Are formed when ______pushes up on the surface of the Earth but does not break through.

______Mountains: Are formed when ______cools in layers on the earth’s surface.

______Mountains: Are formed with two continental ______collide and push the crust upward.

______Mountains: Are formed when one part of a plate ______or ______along a fault line.

You also need to know that many ______and ______are underneath the ocean. The longest mountain range is the ______and the longest trench is the ______.

Earthquakes

  • ______ – a machine thatdetects and records the intensity of ground movements
  • ______-a numerical scale that measures the magnitude of an earthquake
  • The ______ fault is an important fault that is located in California and responsible for many earthquakes in California
  • ______a huge wave created by an earthquake, landslide or volcanic activity that occurs under the ocean

Volcanoes

Know the three stages of volcanoes:

  1. ______volcano-a volcano that erupts regularly
  2. ______volcano- a volcano is currently not active but could become active again
  3. ______volcano – is a volcano in which all volcanic activity is stopped

Famous Eruptions

  • ______, 1980- Washington State- Erupted violently with an earthquake and landside and completely changed the mountains landscape.
  • ______, 1883- Island in Indonesia – This volcano erupted several times with tremendous force. It caused a tsunami.
  • ______, 79- Eruption destroyed and covered the town of Pompeii with many layers of ash.

Essential Question

You need to be able to answer the following question:

How does the composition of our Earth cause changes above and below the surface?