Cold War: 1945-1962

Answers #39-#76

39. What two events in 1949 increased American fears of communist domination of most of the world?
40. Why did many Americans fear that communist spies held important positions in the federal government?
  1. Identify Alger Hiss.
  1. What secrets did a spy ring give to the Soviets?
  2. Identify Julius and Ethel Rosenberg.
  1. What happened to Julius and Ethel Rosenberg in 1953?
  2. What is espionage?
  3. Whose political career was advanced by American fears of communism?
  4. How did Senator Joseph McCarthy play on American fears of communism?
  5. Define McCarthyism.
  1. How has American culture continued to use the term McCarthyism.
  2. Identify the Army-McCarthy hearings.
  1. What did the Army-McCarthy hearings reveal about Senator Joseph McCarthy?
  2. What action did the Senate take against Senator McCarthy?
  3. Why are the Army-McCarthy hearings important?
  4. What event in 1950 was a major test for America’s containment policy?
  5. What country entered the Korean War after the American military forces counterattacked and drove deep into North Korea?
  6. Who won the 1952 presidential election?
  7. When did the Korean War end, and what were its results?
  8. Why did the Korean War cause an increase in the United States’ confidence in the containment policy?
  9. What did President Eisenhower adopt as a part of containment?
  10. Identify “massive retaliation.”
  1. What position did later presidents take on “massive retaliation”?
  2. What promise did American presidents refuse to make to the Soviet Union during the Cold War?
  3. What happened in Cuba in 1959?
  1. To what place did many Cubans flee in order to escape communist rule?
  2. Identify the CIA.
  1. What action did the CIA plan in Cuba?
  1. Who became president of the United States in 1961?
  2. What happened during the Bay of Pigs invasion?
  1. What country placed nuclear missiles in Cuba in 1962?
  2. How did President Kennedy learn that the Soviet Union had placed missiles in Cuba?
  3. What action did President Kennedy take to end the Cuban Missile Crisis?
  4. With what type of war was the world threatened during the Cuban Missile Crisis?
  5. Who was the leader of the Soviet Union during the Cuban Missile Crisis?
  6. What type of deal did the United States make with the Soviet Union to end the Cuban Missile Crisis?
  7. What threat was always present during the Cold War?
  8. Name two ways in which Americans tried to prepare for a possible nuclear attack.
/ 39. 1) China became communist
2) Soviet Union exploded an atomic bomb
40. the trials of Alger Hiss and also Julius and Ethel Rosenberg
41. Alger Hiss: federal government official who was accused of passing secret documents to the Soviets in the late 1930s; although Hiss claimed he was innocent, he was convicted of perjury; many Americans believed Hiss was guilty of treason.
42. atomic secrets
43. Americans who had gained information about the United States’ atomic project; were arrested for passing atomic secrets to the Soviets
44. convicted of espionage (spying) and executed
45. spying
46. Senator Joseph McCarthy
47. accused many American officials of being communists
48. unfairly accusing others of disloyalty, especially of pro-communist activity, without convincing proof or even solid evidence
49. to refer to situations where someone has made false accusations based on rumor or guilt by association
50. Army-McCarthy hearings = the televised investigations in 1954 of alleged Communist influence in the United States army
51. McCarthy was a liar and bully, rather than a defender of American democracy.
52. censured McCarthy or condemned his behavior
53. ended the power of Senator Joseph McCarthy
54. the Korean War: when communist North Korea invaded non-communist South Korea
55. communist China
56. Dwight D. Eisenhower
57. 1953; ended in a stalemate with South Korea still free of communism
58. because the U.S. had prevented South Korea from falling under communist control
59. “massive retaliation”
60. “massive retaliation” = the Eisenhower administration’s threat of swift, all-out military actions against a nation committing aggression (attack)
61. backed away from “massive retaliation”
62. not to make a first strike nuclear attack
63. Fidel Castro lead a communist revolution that took over Cuba
64. Florida
65. CIA = a federal agency that coordinates the spy activities of the United States government
66.. Bay of Pigs invasion; CIA trained anti-communist Cubans and landed them on the Cuban coast in an attempt to lead the Cuban people in a revolt against Castro
67. John F. Kennedy
68. it was a complete disaster; the popular uprising against Castro never happened; Castro’s army had captured or killed most of the American-supported invaders
69. Soviet Union
70. American spy-plane photographs
71. naval blockade of Cuba; threatened to take further steps if the Soviets didn’t remove their missiles
72. nuclear war
73. Nikita Khrushchev
74. The Soviets agreed to withdraw their missiles from Cuba, and in exchange the United States would remove its outdated missiles from Turkey
75. nuclear war
76. 1) school drills to train children in case of nuclear attack 2) built bomb shelters in their basements

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