Motivation
What Motivates Us?
Basic Human Motives
Social Motives
Motivating People at Work
Motivation
How do we define it?
How is it different from an instinct?
What Motivates Us?
General Theories of Motivation
Drive Theory
Arousal Theory
Incentive Theory
Motivation
Drive-Reduction Theory
Homeostasis
Set Point
Basal Metabolic Rate
What Motivates Us?
The Pyramid of Human Motivation:Maslow
Basic Human Motives
Hunger and Eating
Cannon and Washburn's Hunger Experiment
Basic Human Motives
Hunger and Eating
The Hunger-Regulation Cycle
Basic Human Motives
Hunger and Eating
Obesity
Basic Human Motives
Hunger and Eating
Body Weights of Twins
Identical twins are more similar in body weight than are fraternal twins.
Genetic factors play a large role in body weight.
Basic Human Motives
Hunger and Eating
Ideal Body Image
Which image is ideal for your sex?
Which comes closest to your own body?
What could dissatisfaction with one’s body image cause?
Basic Human Motives
Hunger and Eating: Eating Disorders
Anorexia Nervosa
An eating disorder in which the person, usually an adolescent girl or young woman, limits her eating and becomes emaciated
Bulimia Nervosa
An eating disorder that is marked by cycles of binge eating followed by purging
This disorder is twice as common as anorexia
Basic Human Motives
Sexual Motivation
The Sexual-Response Cycle
Sexual Motivation
Origins of Homosexuality
Identical twins have highest concordance (similarity) rates for sexual orientation compared to fraternal twins and adoptive siblings.
Same pattern exists for males and females.
This suggests that sexual orientation is influenced by genes.
Sexual Motivation
Origins of Homosexuality
According to Bem’s developmental theory of homosexuality, genes determine behavior in childhood.
Children who engage in gender-nonconforming activities are more likely to be attracted to the same sex in adolescence.
Social Motives
Belongingness Motives
Need for Affiliation
Desire to establish and maintain social contacts
Need for Intimacy
Desire for close relationships characterized by open and intimate communication
Self-Disclosure
Sharing of intimate details about oneself to another person
Social Motives
To Whom Do People Lie?
Social Motives
Esteem Motives
Achievement Motivation
A strong desire to accomplish difficult tasks, outperform others, and excel
Need for Power
A strong desire to acquire prestige and influence over other people
Motivating People at Work
Reward-Based Motivation
Many companies use incentive programs to motivate their employees:
Individualized incentives, time off or extra pay
Small-group incentive plans, offering bonuses to work unit members for reaching goals
Profit-sharing
Recognition Programs
•e.g., “Employee of the Month”
Possibility for promotion and raising status
Motivating People at Work
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation
Intrinsic Motivation
An inner drive that motivates people in the absence of external reward or punishment
Extrinsic Motivation
The desire to engage in an activity for money, recognition, or other tangible benefits
Motivating People at Work
Effects of Payment on Intrinsic Motivation
College students had 3 sessions with puzzles.
Some were paid during the second session, others were not.
Time spent on puzzles during breaks was recorded.
If people are paid for a task they already enjoy, they may lose interest in it.
Motivating People at Work
Equity Motivation
Insurance workers temporarily moved to new offices
Those sent to higher-status offices showed increased performance
Those sent to lower-status offices showed decreased performance
Motivating People at Work
Equity Motivation
Equity Theory
People want the ratio between input and outcome to be roughly the same for themselves as for others