Web Appendix
Web Appendix 1: Summary of requirements of bailout loans implemented between May 2010 and April 2011
Web appendix 2: Association between experiencing a health decline and falling into chronic ill-health or reporting limitations in activity due to ill-health (all years): logistic regression results
Web Appendix 3: Association between becoming unemployed and experiencing a health decline, 2008-2009 and 2010-2011: logistic regression results
Web Appendix 4: Association between becoming unemployed and experiencing a health decline – disaggregated by sex: logistic regression results
Web Appendix 5: Association between becoming unemployed and experiencing a health decline – including income control (2010-2011 only)
Web Appendix 6: Marginal effects estimation
Web Appendix 7: Robustness checks
Web Appendix 7a: Association between becoming unemployed or becoming inactive and the probability of a health decline, including controls for low health status (‘bad’ or ‘very bad’ health) in initial years (2008 and 2010): logistic regression results
Web Appendix 7b: Heckman selection model adjusting for being unemployed in 2010
Web Appendix 7c: Association between becoming unemployed or becoming inactive and the probability of a health decline, including inactive individuals
Web Appendix 7d: Association between unemployment and experiencing a health decline, 2008-2009 and 2010-2011,conditional logistic regression model
Web Appendix 1: Summary of requirements of bailout loans implemented between May 2010 and April 2011
Fiscal Reforms / Structural Fiscal Reforms / Structural Fiscal ReformsReduce government deficit from 11.75% GDP in 2010 to 2.5% GDP by 2014, and to 7.5% GDP by 2011. / Introduce urban transport tariff and reduce transport subsidies. / Improve labour market institutions to enhance flexibility, including changes to dismissal procedures.
Ministry of Finance to ensure tight supervision of expenditure commitments, including social security funds. Introduce annual spending ceilings for all departments. / Modernise the healthcare system by integrating primary health care, changing supply system, and keep public health expenditure at or below 6% GDP, whilst maintaining universal access and improving the quality of care delivery. / Eliminate restrictions on uses of temporal workers and remove impediments for greater use of fixed-term contracts.
Establish of new criteria and terms for conclusion of contracts by social security funds with healthcare providers.
Initiate joint production of medical goods and services with the Health Benefit Coordination Council to achieve substantial expenditure reduction.
Increase use of lower priced generic medicines, reduce profit margins at pharmacies, pharmaceutical distribution companies.
Greater enforcement of payment for outpatient services. Increase payments for outpatient services, and extend payments to visits emergency departments.
Source: European Commission, The Economic Adjustment Program for Greece (May 2010), First Review (December 2011), Second Review (December 2010), Third Review (February 2011) and Fourth Review (July 2011), Brussels.
Web Appendix 2: Association between probability of experiencing a health decline and falling into chronic ill-health or reporting limitations in activity due to ill-health (all years): logistic regression results
Chronic Ill-Health / Limitations in ActivityExperienced a Health Decline / 13.56*** / 5.89***
(1.66) / (0.63)
Age Group
25-34 / 0.79 / 1.04
(0.30) / (0.29)
35-44 / 0.82 / 0.94
(0.32) / (0.28)
45-54 / 1.36 / 1.38
(0.53) / (0.40)
55-64 / 2.16 / 1.64
(0.86) / (0.49)
Female / 1.36* / 1.04
(0.17) / (0.10)
Marital Status
Married / 1.17 / 0.94
(0.24) / (0.14)
Separated / 1.59 / 1.26
(0.47) / (0.28)
Highest Education Level Achieved
Secondary / 0.91 / 1.04
(0.14) / (0.14)
Tertiary / 0.86 / 1.16
(0.14) / (0.15)
Constant / 0.014*** / 0.030***
(0.01) / (0.01)
N / 8,295 / 8,295
Notes: Standard errors in parentheses. p-values: * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001. Reference categories: 18-24 year olds (age), single (marital status), and primary (education).
Web Appendix 3: Association between becoming unemployed and experiencing a health decline, 2008-2009 and 2010-2011: logistic regression results
2008-2009 / 2010-2011(1) / (2) / (3) / (4) / (5) / (1) / (2) / (3) / (4) / (5)
Became Unemployed / 0.92 / 1.13 / 1.13 / 1.15 / 1.17 / 1.36* / 1.55** / 1.54** / 1.55** / 1.61**
(0.23) / (0.29) / (0.29) / (0.30) / (0.30) / (019) / (0.22) / (0.22) / (0.22) / (0.23)
Age Group
25-34 / 1.16 / 1.16 / 1.01 / 0.98 / 1.28 / 1.28 / 1.18 / 1.17
(0.41) / (0.42) / (0.37) / (0.36) / (0.46) / (0.46) / (0.43) / (0.43)
35-44 / 1.93 / 1.93* / 1.43 / 1.38 / 2.28* / 2.27* / 1.93 / 2.00
(0.66) / (0.66) / (0.52) / (0.51) / (0.80) / (0.80) / (0.73) / (0.76)
45-54 / 2.59** / 2.60** / 1.86 / 1.78 / 2.56** / 2.54** / 2.11 / 2.25*
(0.89) / (0.89) / (0.70) / (0.67) / (0.90) / (0.89) / (0.81) / (0.87)
55-64 / 3.27** / 3.29** / 2.34* / 2.19* / 2.57** / 2.57** / 2.12 / 2.41*
(1.14) / (1.15) / (0.89) / (0.84) / (0.93) / (0.92) / (0.84) / (0.96)
Female / 1.10 / 1.06 / 1.05 / 1.07 / 1.04 / 1.04
(0.12) / (0.12) / (0.12) / (0.11) / (0.11) / (0.11)
Marital Status
Married / 1.06* / 1.50* / 1.25 / 1.27
(0.26) / (0.27) / (0.22) / (0.22)
Separated / 1.49* / 1.39 / 1.35 / 1.38
(0.26) / (0.39) / (0.36) / (0.38)
Highest Education Level Achieved
Secondary / 0.87 / 1.38*
(0.13) / (0.19)
Tertiary / 0.99 / 1.54**
(0.15) / (0.22)
Constant / 0.09*** / 0.04*** / 0.04*** / 0.04*** / 0.04*** / 0.11*** / 0.05*** / 0.05*** / 0.05*** / 0.04***
(0.01) / (0.01) / (0.01) / (0.01) / (0.02) / (0.01) / (0.02) / (0.02) / (0.02) / (0.01)
N / 4,534 / 4,534 / 4,534 / 4,534 / 4,534 / 3,761 / 3,761 / 3,761 / 3,761 / 3,761
Notes: Standard errors in parentheses. P-values: * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001. Reference categories: 18-24 year olds (age), single (marital status), and primary (education)
Web Appendix 4: Association between becoming unemployed and experiencing a health decline – disaggregated by sex: logistic regression results
2008-2009 / 2010-2011Females / Males / Females / Males
Became unemployed / 1.85* / 0.59 / 1.59* / 1.59*
(0.58) / (0.28) / (0.32) / (0.33)
Age Group
25-34 / 1.76 / 0.65 / 0.57 / 1.82
(1.13) / (0.29) / (0.28) / (1.04)
35-44 / 2.60 / 0.86 / 0.66 / 4.23*
(1.70 / (0.38) / (0.34) / (2.44)
45-54 / 2.38 / 1.51 / 0.90 / 4.17*
(1.58) / (0.70) / (0.46) / (2.37)
55-64 / 3.17 / 1.51 / 0.66 / 5.85**
(2.19) / (0.80) / (0.37) / (3.55)
Marital Status
Married / 2.01* / 1.17 / 2.96*** / 0.80
(0.617) / (0.26) / (0.92) / (0.17)
Separated / 1.94 / 0.95 / 2.15* / 1.56
(0.769) / (0.45) / (0.83) / (0.61)
Highest Education Level Achieved
Secondary / 0.99 / 0.76 / 1.35 / 1.46*
(023) / (0.15) / (0.28) / (0.27)
Tertiary / 0.91 / 1.04 / 1.32 / 1.75**
(0.22) / (0.20) / (0.29) / (0.34)
Constant / 0.02*** / 0.08*** / 0.05*** / 0.02***
(0.01) / (0.03) / (0.03) / (0.01)
N / 1,945 / 2,589 / 1,614 / 2,147
Notes: Standard errors in parentheses. P-values: * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001. Reference categories: 18-24 year olds (age), single (marital status), and primary (education).
Web Appendix 5: Association between becoming unemployed and experiencing a health decline – including income control (2010-2011 only)
2008-2009 / 2010-2011Became unemployed / 1.15 / 1.38*
(0.30) / (0.19)
Age Group
25-34 / 0.98 / 1.31
(0.36) / (0.32)
35-44 / 1.38 / 2.32**
(0.51) / (0.58)
45-54 / 1.77 / 2.62***
(0.66) / (0.67)
55-64 / 2.20* / 3.32****
(0.85) / (0.85)
Female / 1.05 / 1.10
(0.12) / (0.10)
Marital Status
Married / 1.50* / 0.96
(0.27) / (0.13)
Separated / 1.38 / 1.08
(0.39) / (0.22)
Highest Education Level Achieved
Secondary / 0.87 / 1.07
(0.19)
Tertiary / 1.01 / 1.20
(0.14)
(0.15)
Change in income / 0.99 / 0.99*
(0.00) / (0.00)
Constant / 0.04*** / 0.05***
(0.02) / (0.01)
N / 4,534 / 3,761
Notes: Standard errors in parentheses. P-values: * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001. Reference categories: 18-24 year olds (age), single (marital status), and primary (education). The change in income variable should be interpreted with caution as missing data are imputed, resulting in potential inaccuracies. Tests of effect heterogeneity - difference between 2008-2009 model with and without change in income variable: χ2(1) = 2.23, p = 0.14. Difference between 2010-2011 model with and without change in income variable: χ2(1) = 0.27, p = 0.60.
Web Appendix 6: Marginal Effects Estimation
2008-2009 / 2010-2011Marginal Effect
(95% CI) / p-value / Marginal Effect
(95% CI) / p-value
Secondary Educationa / 0.017 / 0.825 / 0.011 / 0.573
(-0.092, 0.115) / (-0.027, 0.048)
Tertiary Educationa / 0.018 / 0.766 / 0.012 / 0.573
(-0.101, 0.138) / (-0.030, 0.054)
Aged 25-34b / 0.007 / 0.876 / 0.036 / 0.310
(-0.772, 0.091) / (-0.034, 0.107)
Aged 35-44b / 0.043 / 0.383 / 0.083 / 0.042
(-0.054, 0.141) / (0.003, 0.164)
Aged 45-54b / 0.050 / 0.406 / 0.156 / 0.001
(-0.068, 0.167) / (0.062, 0.250)
Aged 55-64b / 0.047 / 0.525 / 0.102 / 0.060
(-0.098, 0.192) / (-0.003, 0.206)
Notes: Marginal effects refer to the difference in the predicted probability of a health decline when becoming unemployed at a given categorical value (e.g. secondary education) compared to becoming unemployed at a reference category for that variable (e.g. primary education). Reference categories: primary education (a) and 18-24 year olds (b).
Web Appendix 7: Robustness checks
Web Appendix 7a: Association between becoming unemployed and the probability of a health decline, including control for low health status (‘bad’ or ‘very bad’ health) in initial years (2008 and 2010): logistic regression results
2008-2009 / 2010-2011Became unemployed / 1.32 / 1.62**
(0.37) / (0.23)
Age Group
25-34 / 0.78 / 1.16
(0.31) / (0.75)
35-44 / 1.16 / 1.98
(0.47) / (0.75)
45-54 / 1.51 / 2.25*
(0.63) / (0.87)
55-64 / 1.94 / 2.47*
(0.82) / (1.00)
Female / 1.02 / 1.04
(0.12) / (0.11)
Marital Status
Married / 1.44* / 1.27
(0.26) / (0.22)
Separated / 1.38 / 1.39
(0.40) / (0.38)
Highest Education Level Achieved
Secondary / 0.85 / 1.36*
(0.13) / (0.19)
Tertiary / 0.98 / 1.52**
(0.15) / (0.22)
Initial low health / 0.25 / 0.13*
(0.18) / (0.13)
Constant / 0.06*** / 0.04***
(0.02) / (0.01)
N / 4, 534 / 3,761
Notes: Standard errors in parentheses. P-values: * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001. Reference categories: 18-24 year olds (age), single (marital status), and primary (education).
Web Appendix 7b: Heckman selection model adjusting for being unemployed in 2010
Variables / 2010-2011Became unemployed / 1.08*
(0.041)
Age Group
25-34 / 1.15
(0.084)
35-44 / 1.05
(0.085)
45-54 / 1.02
(0.086)
55-64 / 1.02
(0.089)
Female / 1.00
(0.037)
Marital Status
Married / 0.78**
(0.041)
Separated / 1.05
(0.089)
Highest Education Level Achieved
Secondary / 0.99
(0.044)
Tertiary / 0.94
(0.047)
Adjustment for selection into employment in 2010 / -5.99**
(2.27)
Constant / 0.06***
(0.02)
N / 6,187
Notes: Standard errors in parentheses. P-values: * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001. Reference categories: 18-24 year olds (age), single (marital status), and primary (education).
Web Appendix 7c: Association between becoming unemployed or inactive and probability of a health decline: logistic regression results
2008-2009 / 2010-2011Became unemployed or inactive / 3.82*** / 3.63***
(0.48) / (0.37)
Age Group
25-34 / 1.22 / 1.28
(0.45) / (0.32)
35-44 / 1.79 / 2.44***
(0.66) / (0.63)
45-54 / 2.29* / 2.76***
(0.87) / (0.73)
55-64 / 2.77** / 3.54***
(1.07) / (0.95)
Female / 1.02 / 1.07
(0.12) / (0.09)
Marital Status
Married / 1.54* / 1.06
(0.28) / (0.16)
Separated / 1.31 / 1.11
(0.37) / (0.24)
Highest Education Level Achieved
Secondary / 0.88 / 1.10
(0.13) / (0.11)
Tertiary / 1.02 / 1.33*
(0.16) / (0.15)
Constant / 0.03*** / 0.03***
(0.01) / (0.01)
N / 4,845 / 4,320
Notes: Standard errors in parentheses. P-values: * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001. Reference categories: 18-24 year olds (age), single (marital status), and primary (education).
Web Appendix 7d: Association between becoming unemployed and experiencing a health decline, 2008-2009 and 2010-2011,conditional logistic regression model
2008-2009 / 2010-2011Model 1
/ Model 2 / Model 1 / Model 2
Unemployed / 1.32* / 1.13* / 1.49*** / 1.56***
(0.56) / (0.57) / (0.33) / (0.39)
Age Group
25-34 / 18.35 / 19.96
(9630.56) / (10097.55)
35-44 / 35.54 / 53.64
(10649.4 ) / (10377.48)
45-54 / 17.55 / 84.09
(10910.65) / (10973.97)
55-64 / 18.65 / 103.67
(11174.23) / (11950.33)
Highest Education Level
Secondary / -1.21 / 17.01
(3085.022) / (1433.05)
Tertiary / -2.95 / 17.45
(3085.022) / (1433.05)
Marital Status
Married / -1.69 / -0.58
(10124.86) / (0.56)
Separated / 16.66 / 0.70
(10124.86) / (0.71)
Notes: Standard errors in parentheses. P-values: * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001. Reference categories: 18-24 year olds (age), single (marital status), and primary (education).