Vocabulary for Chapter 3

American History

Mercantilism:

·  Economic Theory used by Britain.

Used to protect mother countries industries

Created new tariffs to support the government

Important to increase foreign trade

Increase exports over imports

Accumulate money to enhance power in the world

Need a favorable balance of trade

Parliament:

·  Governing body in Britain

Creates laws for both the mother country and the colonies.

Provide protection and enforced laws of the colony

Limited the power of the monarch after James II leaves power.

Navigation Acts:

·  Laws put in place by Parliament in an attempt to supervise the mercantilist system in the colonies.

Regulated shipping and trade

Gave provincial customs authority to colonial naval officers

o  Confined trade to ships owned and manned by English men.

o  Voided all colonial laws that contradicted the Navigation Acts.

o  Developed a Board of Trade that replaced the Lords of Trade.

§  Were authorized to rule on colonial laws that violated parliamentary laws or common laws that worked against the realm’s interest.

o  Main purpose was to try and break the Dutch hold on the carrying trade and favor British shipping.

Dominion of New England:

·  King Charles revoked the Charter of Massachusetts

o  Reason was their failure to comply with the Navigation Acts.

·  Massachusetts is merged with several other colonies.

o  Included Southern Maine south through New Jersey.

·  King appointed a royal governor and a council to run the new royal colony with a free hand.

o  Appointed Sir Edmund Andros.

§  A competent administrator

§  Not an advocate of the Puritan faith

o  Ended representative government.

o  Taxed without input from colonists.

o  Town governments were outlawed.

o  Land grants revoked and lands had to be repurchased.

o  Customs officers were put in place to ensure the Navigation Acts were followed.

o  Questioned the legality of Puritanism.

Glorious Revolution:

·  Precipitated by the birth of King James II‘s birth of his son.

o  Parliament feared the monarchy would be Catholic for a long period.

o  Feared for their Protestantism and parliamentary rights.

·  Parliament invited William of Orange and his army to sail from Holland.

o  Husband of King James II’s daughter.

o  Landed in England without any opposition.

·  James II fled England for France

·  William and Mary were installed as the new joint monarchs of Britain.

o  In return for Parliament’s support, William and Mary signed the English Bill of Rights.

§  Protected the rights of individuals

§  Gave anyone accused of a crime the right to a trial by jury.

§  Taxes could not be raised by the monarch with out approval of Parliament

§  The monarch could not raise an army with out the approval of Parliament.

Salutary Neglect:

·  An unspoken agreement that let the colonies develop without being over regulated by Britain.

o  Colonists were allowed to practice different forms of self-government.

·  Policy benefited both Britain and the colonies.

Cash Crops:

·  Crops that were generally grown for the primary purpose of selling to others for a profit.

o  Personal use was only after crops were sold

·  Economic basis for Americas’ southern economy.

o  Virginia and Maryland crops was tobacco

o  South and North Carolina and Georgia crops were rice and later indigo.

Triangular Trade:

·  Colonial trade route between New England, the West Indies and Africa.

o  Called the triangular trade due to the shape of the three legged route.

·  The first leg of the route was from New England to the West Indies.

o  Ships carried goods from New England to sell in the West Indies.

§  Fish

§  Lumber

§  Other goods

o  New England purchased good from the West Indies and brought them back to New England.

§  Sugar

§  Molasses

·  The second leg of the triangular trade route was from New England to West Africa to trade.

o  New England brought additional goods.

§  Rum, made from the sugar and molasses

§  Guns

§  Gunpowder

§  Cloth

§  Tools

o  Traded with the West Africa for slaves

·  The third and final leg of the triangular trade route was from West Africa to the West Indies.

o  Sold the African slaves for molasses and sugar to make more Rum.

·  Many New England merchants became very wealthy form the triangular trade route.

o  Disobeyed the Navigation Acts

§  Sugar and molasses were to be purchased from English colonies.

§  Bought from the Dutch, French and Spanish colonies for a cheaper price.

o  Bribed customs officials to look the other way.

Middle Passage:

·  It is the trip between Africa and the Americas within the Triangular trade route.

Stono Rebellion:

·  Slave uprising in South Carolina in 1739.

o  Twenty slaves met at the Stono River with weapons and proceeded to kill several planter families.

o  Proceeded south trying to get other slaves to join and go south into Spanish Florida where the Stono Indians would help them.

o  Group was surrounded by that afternoon by white militia.

§  Fighting broke out and many of the rebellious slaves died.

·  Rebellion frightened many southern colonists.

o  Result of this rebellion was the passage of harsher slave laws.

Enlightenment:

·  A philosophical movement.

o  Characterized by reliance on reason and experience.

§  Replaced dogma and tradition

o  Emphasis on a humanitarian political goals and social progress

§  First developed in the field of science.

·  Looking beyond religious authority to explain how and why the universe worked.

o  Philosophy was another component.

·  Results:

o  Americans were better educated

o  New ideas made more sense to them than the large population of uneducated in Europe.

·  Individuals that started this movement included:

o  Benjamin Franklin

o  Isaac Newton

Great Awakening:

·  A religious movement in the 1730s and 1740s.

o  Started by the New England preacher, Jonathan Edwards in the colonies.

§  Called on colonists to examine their lives.

§  Gave powerful sermons

·  Warned listeners that if they did not follow the Bibles teachings they would be heading for hell.

o  English minister George Whitefield arrived in the colonies in 1739.

§  He also drew great crowds to outdoor religious meetings from Massachusetts to Georgia.

·  Called on sinners to reform

·  The Great Awakening started bitter debates.

o  People split for old churches to form new churches.

o  Created a more tolerant people for different beliefs.

New France:

·  Colonies settled by French government

o  Location is from Canada south to the Gulf of Mexico and west to the Rocky Mountains.

o  Sparsely populated colony

§  Fur traders

§  Priests looking to convert Native Americans

o  Excellent relationship with Native Americans

§  Created military alliances with some tribes.

French and Indian War:

·  Resulted from the growth of French empire intersected with the British empire

·  Conflict began in 1754

o  French built Fort Duquesne on what is present day Pittsburgh, Pa.

§  Britain had already granted 200,000 acres of this land to wealthy planters from Virginia.

o  Virginia governor sent militia into the area to evict the French.

§  George Washington let the group.

o  Washington established an outpost approximately 40 miles from Fort Duquesne.

§  Called Fort Necessity

o  Washington attacked a detachment of French soldiers in May of 1754.

o  French counter attack.

§  Washington is forced to surrender and return to Virginia without completing his mission.

·  One year later Washington returned to the area with General Edward Braddock.

o  Mission was to drive the French out of the Ohio Valley.

o  Launched an attack on Fort Duquesne.

§  Was ambushed by French soldiers and Native American allies.

·  Used the Hit & Run method of fighting.

·  Britain faced a large number of defeats with the French in 1755 and 1756.

o  King George II is angry at how poorly the British solders are doing fighting the French.

§  Selects new governors to run the governments

·  William Pitt was one that was chosen

·  William Pitt reinvigorated a very defeated British army

o  Battle victories soon shifted to the British

o  An alliance was made with the Iroquois Nation

·  Very decisive changes in the war occurred in 1759.

o  Outside Quebec, British troops scaled the protective cliff around Quebec.

§  French were taken by surprise

§  Short but deadly battle ended in French defeat

o  This battle leads the British to become the victor in the war.

·  War ended in 1763 and settlement came with the Treaty of Paris.

o  Britain claimed all lands east of the Mississippi River.

§  This included Spanish Florida

·  Lost due to their allegiance with France.

o  Spain gained French lands west of the Mississippi River including New Orleans.

o  France kept control of a few island near Newfoundland and in the West Indies

o  Native Americans were the big losers in this treaty.

·  Problems resulting from the French and Indian War.

o  British government stationed 10,000 troops’ territories to control the Native Americans and former French subjects.

§  Added a huge expense to the British budget.

·  Forced to borrow money during the war which came close to doubling their debt.

o  British colonist saw the troops not as protectors by as a standing army against them.

Proclamation of 1763:

·  British government banned settlers from moving west of the Appalachian Mountains.

o  Created a Proclamation line that no settler was to move west of.

o  Those who had already moved west of the Proclamation line were expected to move back east.

·  Reasoning behind the Proclamation line.

o  Avoid further conflict with Native Americans

o  Governing the colonies would be easier

o  Would not need as many troops to protect colonists

·  Preventing colonist from moving west of the Proclamation line proved difficult.

o  Colonist did not follow this law and moved west of the Appalachians anyway.

Sugar Act of 1764:

·  Enacted when it was discovered that the Customs Service was costing the British government more than what they were taking in taxes.

o  Prompted Parliament to pass the Sugar Act.

·  This law did three things:

o  Cut the duty in half on foreign-made molasses

§  Hoped colonists would pay a lower tax rather than risk arrest for smuggling

o  Placed duties on certain imports.

o  Strengthened enforcement of the law allowing prosecutors to prosecute smuggling cases in a vice-admiralty court instead of the colonial court

§  Colonial courts tended to be more sympathetic toward smugglers.

·  This was one of the steps that led to disagreements between the British government and colonists over taxation.

Key People

Sir Edmund Andros:

·  Appointed governor of the Dominion of New England by King Charles II.

·  Personality and qualifications:

o  Strong administrator

o  Arrogant

o  High handed

·  Made many enemies in the colonies in a very short time.

·  Under his authority and his council changes were made to New England.

o  Levied taxes with no colonial input

o  Disassembled town governments

o  Forced colonist to reconfirm land titles with the Dominion

§  Then was forced to pay rent to the Dominion

o  Ended representative government

o  Brought in customs officers to ensure the Navigation Acts are enforced

o  Questioned the legality of Puritanism

·  Due to his directives, Massachusetts colonist sent a prominent minister to London to try and get him recalled.

o  Glorious Revolution occurs before the minister can present his case.

o  Massachusetts staged its own Glorious Revolution.

§  Arrested Andros and his royal councilors

Slave:

·  Term given to a person who becomes property of another individual.

o  All legal rights are stripped

o  All social rights are stripped.

Benjamin Franklin:

·  Self-made man.

o  Considered the best example of the Enlightenment in the colonies.

o  Born to a poor Boston soap and candle maker

o  Believed in self improvement

§  Worked his way to being an important colonial leader.

§  Inventor

o  Embraced getting to the truth through experimentation and reasoning

·  Had only two years of formal education.

o  Used his spare time for self-improvement

§  Read

§  Studied literature

§  Mathematics

§  Foreign languages

·  Wanted to use reason to improve the world around him.

Jonathan Edwards:

·  Puritan minister who looked to revive the original commitment to the original Puritan religion.

o  Preached that church attendance was not enough for man’s salvation.

§  People must acknowledge their sins and feel that God loves them.

o  His preaching was one of the driving forces in the Great Awakening.

§  Most famous sermon is called Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God

·  When the Great Awakening ended, he was rejected by his own congregation.

o  Thought he was too strict about doctrine

o  Result of his loosing his congregation Edwards moved to Stockbridge, Massachusetts.

§  Spent his remaining years as a missionary to a Native American settlement.

George Washington:

·  A Virginia military officer.

o  Sent by the governor to establish an outpost in the Ohio territory.

§  Named his outpost Fort Necessity

·  Attacked a small French military troop near Fort Duquesne.

o  Result was a counter attack by the French.

o  Result was Washington was forced to surrender

§  Returned to Virginia without completing his mission.

·  One year late returned to the Ohio territory with General Edward Braddock.

o  Goal was to force France out of the territory.

o  Involved in a battle on Fort Duquesne.

§  French surprised them with their Native American allies.

·  Used the Hit and Run technique.

§  Battle was lost, but Washington showed promise as a leader.