University of NKC APA Style Sheet for in Text Citations

University of NKC APA style sheet for In Text citations

How can you give credit to the person who wrote a book or website that you used to get information for your paragraph?

If you don’t give credit to the original writer, it is called plagiarism.

How to avoid plagiarism?

Don’t copy word for word from sources, like the internet or encyclopedias
Take notes, just the facts, no verbs
Rewrite the information in your own words
Change the style of the sentences, rearrange the ideas
Put quotation marks around any words that are so special you could not replace them

Things to remember about using sources:

1. You must give credit to a source

If you quote it
If you use the information in your own words (paraphrase)
If you used information from that sources as background information for that paragraph

2. You give credit in two places:

In your paragraph
At the end of your essay in a Works Cited page

How to give credit in a paragraph (parenthetical citation):

After you give your quotation, or your paraphrase, or use the information that you have learned from a book or online article,

Put the author’s last name and publishing date in parentheses
Use the article title if there is no author
Use the year of publication, never the month or day
Put this right after your quotation or paraphrase, before the period in the sentence
If you use a quotation, also include the page number
For internet sources, use paragraph numbers
The page number is NOT included for a summary or paraphrase, but you might want to keep the page number in your rough draft in case YOU want to refer back to the book to check on something

NOTE: This information can be either included in the sentence that you write, or added in parentheses at the end of the sentence

Short Quotations

If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the author, year of publication, and the page number for the reference (preceded by "p.").
Introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author's last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses.

According to Jones (1998), "Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time" (p. 199).

Jones (1998) found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (p. 199); what implications does this have for teachers?

If the author is not named in a signal phrase, place the author's last name, the year of publication, and the page number in parentheses after the quotation.

Block quotations.

If you are quoting one or two sentences, or more than 40 words, use a block quotation.

Introduce the quotation
You don’t need quotation marks.
Start the quotation on a new line, indented five spaces from the left margin.
Type the entire quotation on the new margin, and indent the first line of any subsequent paragraph within the quotation five spaces from the new margin.
Maintain double-spacing throughout.
The parenthetical citation should come after closing punctuation mark.
Use only ONE block citation per page in your thesis

Rules for In-Text (Parenthetical) References

Rule 1: Placement

The parentheses are usually placed at the end of a sentence, between the last word and the period.
If you are quoting material directly, the parentheses should go between the closing quotation mark and the period:

"The chicken came before the egg" (Smith, 2001).

Rule 2: Sentence vs. parentheses

Only information that is not already contained in your sentence is necessary in the parenthetical reference.
For example, in the following example the author's last name, Smith, is already stated, so only the publication date is necessary within the parentheses:

Smith theorizes that the chicken came before the egg (2001).

Rule 3: Finding the author

Organization as an Author: If the author is an organization or a government agency, mention the organization in the signal phrase or in the parenthetical citation the first time you cite the source.

According to the American Psychological Association (2000),...

If the organization has a well-known abbreviation, include the abbreviation in brackets the first time the source is cited and then use only the abbreviation in later citations.

First citation: (Mothers Against Drunk Driving [MADD], 2000)

Second citation: (MADD, 2000)

A work with two or three authors:

If you cite a work with two authors, give both names every time you cite it. If the work has more than two authors, give all the names in the first citation only; in later citations, just give the first author's name followed by "et al."

Miller, Dellefield, and Musso (1980) have called for more effective advertising of financial aid programs.

Miller et al. (1980) have studied the institutional management of financial aid.

Works by multiple authors

In parentheses, separate authors' names with an ampersand (&).
When a work has two authors, cite both names every time you refer to the work.
When the work has three, four, or five authors, cite all authors the first time your write the parenthetical reference, but only the first author followed et al. in subsequent references.
When the work has six or more authors, cite just the first author followed by et al. for all references, including the first. Some examples:

2 authors:

The chicken came before the egg (Smith & Jones, 2001).

Smith and Jones (2001) also discovered that the chicken crossed the road.

3-5 authors:

The chicken came before the egg (Smith, Jones, & Williams, 2001).

Smith et al. (2001) also discovered that the chicken crossed the road.

6+ authors:

The chicken came before the egg (Smith et al., 2001).

Smith et al. (2001) also discovered that the chicken crossed the road.

Rule 4: Referring to a source more than once in a paragraph

After the first reference, you may omit the publication year from subsequent references in a single paragraph.

The chicken came before the egg (Smith, Jones, & Williams, 2001). Other discoveries were also made. Smith et al. discovered that the chicken crossed the road.

Rule 5: Distinguishing works by authors with the same last name

Information you provide in the parenthetical reference should distinguish exactly which work in your source list you are referring to.
If two or more authors in your reference list have the same last name, add their first and middle initials as well.

J. Smith (2001) and R. G. Smith (2002) have proven that the chicken came first.

Rule 6: Distinguishing works by the same author with the same publication date

To differentiate works that have the same author and the same publication date, suffix the publication date of each work with a lowercase letter (a, b, c, etc.) in both the reference list and the parenthetical reference, in the order they appear in the reference list.

On the works cited page:

Smith, J. (2001a). Eggs. Egg Journal, 8(1), 17.

Smith, J. (2001b). Chicken and egg. Poultry Journal, 2(3), 3-5.

In text:

It has been proven that the chicken came before the egg (Smith, 2001a).

Smith (2001b) has proven that the chicken came first.

Rule 7: Identifying works with no author

If the work does not have an author listed, and is shown and alphabetized in your source list by its title, then you should refer to it in the parenthetical reference by its title as well.
The title may be shortened to the first few words if it is long (for instance, do not include the subtitle), and should be quoted or in italics if it is quoted or in italics in your source list.
Titles of books and reports are italicized or underlined; titles of articles and chapters and poems are in quotation marks.
Unlike your reference list, where only the first word in the title and subtitle are capitalized, the full title should be capitalized in your parenthetical reference.

The chicken came before the egg (Book of Poultry, 2001).

The chicken came before the egg ("Chickens, Eggs, and Other Mysteries," 2001).

A similar study was done of students learning to format research papers ("Using APA," 2001).

Note: In the rare case the "Anonymous" is used for the author, treat it as the author's name (Anonymous, 2001). In the reference list, use the name Anonymous as the author.

Experts believe that the chicken came before the egg (Anonymous, 2001).

Rule 8: Citing two or more works in one reference

Sometimes you may need to cite two or more works within a single parenthetical reference.
To cite multiple works by the same authors, list the last names followed by the dates of publication for each work.

Experts believe that the chicken came before the egg (Smith & Jones, 1998, 2001, 2003).

To cite multiple works by different authors, separate the author/date groups by semicolons, and list the authors in alphabetical order. For example:

Experts believe that the chicken came before the egg (Jones, 2001; Smith, 1998, in press; Williams, 2003).

Rule 9: Use of alternate numbering for online sources, plays, poetry, classical works

Sources sometimes use alternate numbering systems like sections (sec.), chapters (chap.), books, figures, tables, parts, verses, lines, acts, or scenes.
Content within online sources can often only be referenced by paragraph (para.) number.
If an alternate numbering system is used, include that information instead of page numbers.

Do not provide page numbers when citing parts of classic works (the Bible, classic verse, etc.).

Instead include specific line, book, and section numbers as appropriate.

Experts believe that the chicken came before the egg (Smith, 2001, pp. 3-4).

Experts believe that the chicken came before the egg (Smith, 2001, para. 3).

Occasionally, a source may have neither page nor paragraph numbers.
In this case, provide the heading of the section and the number of the paragraph following that heading, as in:

One e-book reports a different theory (Smith, 2001, Introduction section, para. 4).

Lines of Poetry:

In "Egg Poem" Smith (2001) asks, "How do we know which came first?" (lines 5-6).

Rule 10: Classical works, including the Bible and the Koran

If you know the original date of publication for a classical work, it is often useful to provide that in your reference:

Smith (1820/1999) insists that the chicken came first.

For very old works, the year of publication may not be applicable. For these sources, list the year of the translation or version:

The chicken came first (Smith, trans. 1999).

The chicken came first (Smith, 2002 version).

The Bible

A citation (in your References list) is not required for a well-known classical work like the Bible.
However, you should parenthetically indicate the version (if applicable) after your first reference to the work.
Use book/chapter/verse/line/cantos numbers to refer to specific parts of the work, not page numbers: Genesis 1:3 (Revised Standard Edition).

The first time you make a citation from the Bible, state in the text of your paper the chapter and verse of the book of the Bible you are quoting, along with the name and the version of the Bible you are using.
You do not need to identify the version in subsequent references unless you switch to a different version.

Then in the next reference in your text, you can simply refer to the book, chapter and verse that you are quoting.

When citing from the Old Testament book of Psalms, each individual Psalm is referred to in the singular form. Thus, we have Psalm 100, not Psalms 100. (Psalm 100:1-2, New International Version)

Rule 11: Personal communications

Personal communications like e-mails, unpublished letters and memos, and personal interviews are not included in your reference list, but they should be identified in text.
Provide the full name (first and middle initials and the full last name) of the person, as well as the exact date of the communication (if possible):

J. Smith (personal communication, January 23, 2001) insists that the chicken came first. Another scientist (R.G. Smith, personal communication, February 2, 2001) says the opposite.

Rule 12: Citing Indirect Sources

If you use a source that was cited in another source, name the original source in your signal phrase. List the secondary source in your reference list and include the secondary source in the parentheses.

Johnson(author of quote—you don’t have his book) (1960) (the year of Johnson’s book which you don’t have) argued that...(as cited in Smith, 2003, p.102).this is the book you do have

NOTE: only Smith’s book will appear in your Works Cited Page

Johnson (1960) argued that...(as cited in Smith, 2003, p.102).

“Plagiarism is one of our biggest problems today” (Johnson, P. 1960, as cited in Smith, P., 2006, p. 2l).

Rule 13: Citing Wikipedia, or other online Encyclopedia articles

Plagiarism. (2004, July 22). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved August 10, 2004, from

Proper in-text citation for a direct quote of less than 40 words is:

"Plagiarism is the use of another person’s work (this could be his or her words, products or ideas) for personal advantage, without proper acknowledgment of the original work" ("Plagiarism," 2006, "Definition," para. 1).

As another example, the proper in-text citation for a paraphrased passage is:

Plagiarism is stealing the works of others ("Plagiarism," 2006).

The proper in-text citation is ("Plagiarism," 2006) for a paraphrased passage or ("Plagiarism," 2006, para. #) if you directly quote the material. Note that para. # represents the paragraph number in the page where the information appears. If there are multiple headings on the page, it is also acceptable to place the subheading and then a paragraph number within that heading.

Sources

Concise Rules of APA,