The Chemistry of Life (Chapter 2)
2.1 Atoms, Ions, and Molecules
•Living things consist of ______of different ______.
–An ______is the smallest basic unit of ______.
–An ______is one type of ______.
–_____ elements make up 99% of all living things:
______
•An atom is made up of 3 subatomic particles:
Type / Symbol / Charge / Mass / LocationProton
Neutron
Electron
(amu = ______)
•Periodic Table
–Elements are organized by the number of ______.
–Rows = ______; represent the number of ______.
–Columns = ______; represent the number of ______.
(Valence electrons = electrons on the ______)
–Each element is represented by ______and ______.
–Lithium (Li) = # of p+ = _____; # of e- = ______; # of n0 = ______
–Some more practice:
•How to draw an atom?
–You can draw an atom by showing how ______are arranged in each
______.
–Electrons move around the energy levels (aka ______
or electron orbitals) outside the ______rapidly to form an
______.
–The maximum number of electrons each energy level can hold is:
–1st energy level holds ______electrons
–2nd energy level holds ______electrons
–3rd energy level holds______electrons
•Rules of electron placement when drawing an atom
–Fill e- starting from the level ______.
–e- like to be in______, but fill ______e- first before pairing them up.
–______rule = an atom in ______energy level always likes to have
______on the outermost energy level.
–When ______form between two atoms, only the ______from the two atoms pair up.
–Draw the following atoms: carbon, oxygen, nitrogen
•Molecules, Compounds, Ions
–A molecule is made of two or more ______bonded together (may be ______or ______) ex: ______
–A compound is a ______in which elements are chemically bonded in a certain ______. ex: ______
–An ion is a ______(+ or -)
–Some atoms are more ______as ions when they ______or ______one or more electrons.
Example 1: Group ____ elements tend to ______1e- and form ______ions.
Draw a sodium ion:
Example 2: Group ____ elements tend to ______1e- and form ______ions.
Draw a chlorine ion:
•Types of Bonds
- Bond = the ______that holds two ______together.
1) ______bondsform between ______charged ions.
Ex: ______
2)______bondsform when atoms ______a pair of ______.
Ex: ______
2.3 Carbon-based molecules
•Carbon-based molecules are the foundation of life.
–Carbon-based molecules are called ______molecules or ______
(macro- = ______)
–Carbons are bonded together to form the “______”.
–Four major groups:
1)______2) ______3) ______4) ______
–Many macromolecules are made of many small ______bonded
together.
–______are the individual subunits.
–______are made of many monomers.
•Carbohydrates
–Made of ______; ratio is ______(ex: ______)
–Function = provide ______
–Monomers (simple sugar) = ______(ex: ______)
–Polymers (complex sugar) =
______are ______monosaccharides linked together
(ex: ______).
______are made of ______monosaccharides
(ex: ______).
______is where ______store food.
______is what makes up ______.
•Lipids
–Made of ______
–Function = provide ______; make up ______;
used to ______
–Monomers = ______
–Polymers = ______t
–Fats and oils contain ______bonded to ______.
(ex: ______)
–Draw a triglyceride:
–Fats and oils have different types of ______.
______fatty acids (bad!)
______fatty acids (good!)
-Phospholipids make up the ______.
They are made of a ______and ______.
Draw a phospholipid:
•Nucleic Acids
–Made of ______
–Function = ______
–Monomers = ______
–Polymers = ______
–Nucleotides are linked together in a specific order to ______.
–Nucleotides are made of ______.
–Draw a nucleotide:
–DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) ______.
–RNA (Ribonucleic acid) ______.
•Proteins
–Made of ______
–Function = ______
______
–Monomers = ______
–Draw an amino acid:
–Polymers = ______
–______different amino acids are used to ______in organisms.
–Amino acids differ in ______, or ______.
–Amino acids are linked by ______.
•Proteins are made of specific ______.
–Order of the amino acids is determined by ______
______.
–Properties of amino acids cause protein to ______to do its specific function.
–______= ______!!
2.4Enzymes
•All chemical reactions in living organisms require ______to work.
–Building molecules (______)
–Breaking down molecules (______)
•Enzymes are ______that act as ______for chemical reactions in
living things
–Catalysts are substances that ______
______
–Catalysts are ______. (recyclable)
–Ex: ______speed up digestion of food
–Enzymes are very ______.
–An enzyme’s ______allows only ______to bind to the enzyme.
______= what enzyme acts on
______= where substrate and enzyme bind
enzyme – substrate pairs
- amylase breaks down ______
- lactase breaks down ______
- lipase breaks down ______
- protease breaks down ______
- DNA polymerase builds ______
•______ = illustrate how enzymes function
1) ______(key) exactly fit the ______of ______(lock).
2) Substrates are ______(or ______) and bonds are
______.
3) A new ______is formed and released.
•Enzymes function best in a small range of conditions.
–Factors that can affect enzyme activities:
______
–Enzymes can ______in extreme temperature and pH (shape and
function are ______!!)
–______= ______!!