UNIT 6. Human Population Food, Agriculture and Pest Management
Chapters 6, 12, 17
Human population (Ch6)
Human Population HW
Chapter 6
1. Define birth rate, death rate, emigration rate, and immigration rate. Write an equation to mathematically describe the relationship between these rates and the rate of population change.
2. Distinguish between replacement-level fertility and total fertility rate. Describe how total fertility rate affects population growth. List at least five factors that affect birth and fertility rates and five factors that affect death rates.
3. Summarize changes over time in the U.S. population growth rate. Give reasons for the high rate of teen pregnancy in the United States compared to the rate in other industrialized countries. Draw connections between population growth and environmental degradation in California.
4. Define infant mortality rate. Explain why it is considered a good indicator of quality of life.
5. Compare rates of population growth in developed countries and developing countries. Explain the differences you find.
6. Using population age structure diagrams, explain how the age structure of a country creates population growth momentum. Summarize problems associated with a baby boom and a declining population.
7. Summarize key factors used to influence population size: immigration policy, family planning, economic rewards and penalties, empowering women. Summarize the current attitudes toward immigration policy in the United States.
8. Summarize key findings of the new Limits to Growthcomputer model.
9. List the four stages of the demographic transition. List social, biological, political, and economic issues that can be addressed to help developing countries undergo a demographic transition.
10List three factors that may limit the effectiveness of a demographic transition in the influencing population.
11. Compare and evaluate the population policies of India and China.
12. Summarize what we have learned from decades of trying to influence human population growth.
13. List the major goals of the UN Conference on Population and Development.
14. Define: zero population growth (ZPG), replacement-level fertility, total fertility rate (TFR), life expectancy,migration, age structure, demographic transition.
Many factors drive Human Population Growth
Changes in population size
Fertility
Life expectancy
Age structure
Migration
Education!....Affluence
Population size and consumption interact to influence the environment
To estimate the impact of human lifestyles on Earth we can use the IPAT equation
Chapter 6
How do humans as a species follow the same patterns as animal species above?
Global population: 6.5 billion, increasing by 78 million per year, 2.5 per second
Total Fertility Rate (TFR), know approximate rates for developing and developed countries, as well as replacement rate.
Why is population a problem even though the growth rate has decreased since 1960?
Doubling rule: 70 divided by % growth rate = # of years it will take to double the population
IPAT(S) model: we talked about this at the beginning of the semester, review it!
Demographic transition model: be able to explain the diagram. Why might some developing countries today not complete it? (Hint: this might be a good essay question!)
Role of HIV/AIDS on populations.
Methods of population control: Contrast methods of China and Bangladesh
Role of economic empowerment and education in population growth rates
Vocabulary
UNIT 6. Human Population Food, Agriculture and Pest Management
Chapters 6, 12, 17
age structurebirth rate, or crude birth rate
cultural carrying capacity
death rate, or crude death rate
demographic transition
family planning
fertility rate
infant mortality rate
life expectancy
migration
population change
replacement-level fertility rate
total fertility rate (TFR)
UNIT 6. Human Population Food, Agriculture and Pest Management
Chapters 6, 12, 17
Summary
1.Birth, death, fertility, and migration rates are the factors that determine population size. As birth rates have declined in developed countries, population has increased due to people’s migrating into these countries. Women’s fertility rates have dropped but are still above the replacement-level fertility around the world.
2.Population size is profoundly affected by age structure. If women are past their primary child-bearing ages, population increase will be limited. If, however, the population has a large percentage of young women entering their childbearing years, the potential for large population increases is present. In general, the closer a country’s young women are to 15–40 years of age, the more potential for a rapidly increasing population.
3.We can influence population size by encouraging smaller families, by encouraging adoption of children already born and discouraging new births. Population size is, also, affected by health care or its lack; by epidemics (such as AIDS); by losses through war, etc. Lack of prenatal care for expectant mothers, failure to protect children from communicable diseases (like measles) or wide-spread diseases (like malaria), can contribute to a smaller population. In the past economic development, family planning, and economic opportunities for women have reduced birth rates.
4.India and China have both made efforts to control their population growth. China has been more successful because, as a dictatorship, it has imposed restrictions on family size with rewards and punishments for those who support or defy the government’s direction. India, without a policy of coercion, has reduced its birth rate; but the wish for male children and several children for the care of old parents has helped to maintain a growing population.
5.Effective methods for slowing the growth of world population include investing in family planning, reducing poverty, and elevating the status of women.
Study Chapter 6
CH 6 Know how to do population problems, percent change, show increase or decrease.
Be able to discuss population growth in first and 3rd world countries
What are several reasons why CBR might drop in a country
Look at graphs and explain trends
Understand how to read Population profiles
Know how to make a graph using uniform data points
Time on the x axis and equal increments on the Y axis
Label the axis and
Then analyze the results.
CH12. Agriculture
Discuss benefits and problems with industrial agriculture, CFO's, GMO's
Consider soils, fertilizer, energy, health, pollution, biodiversity, water shortage
Know what 3 grains supply world food,
Discuss alternatives to Industrial agriculture and plantation farming
APES Study Guide
Unit 7: FOOD & AGRICULTURE - Chapter 12
The seventh unit of APES begins our study of Food & Agriculture. In this unit we will study the basic nutritional needs of human beings, what happens when these needs are not met, and what is being done in an attempt to make certain that these needs are met for all people. We will also study agriculture, soils and soil conservation, and the “green revolution.”
Vocabulary:
Directions: Review key vocabulary, words may appear in quizzes and/or tests. You are not required to write the definitions but are encouraged to review them online
animal manureaquaculture
chronic undernutrition
chronic malnutrition
compost
desertification
famine
fishery
food security
food insecurity
green manure
green revolution
high-input agriculture
hunger
hydroponics / industrialized agriculture
integrated pest management (IPM)
irrigation
organic fertilizer
overnutrition / pest
pesticides
plantation agriculture
polyculture
salinization
slash-and-burn agriculture
soil conservation
soil erosion
traditional intensive agriculture
traditional subsistence
agriculture
waterlogging
Study Guide Questions (SGQ):
Directions:Answer in complete sentences in your composition books. (must be handwritten)
Chapter 12
1. What was the scare to food expert around the works in 2001 when scienctists conducted genetic tests of Mexican Maize landraces? (Case Study)
Describe the effects of diet deficiencies in vitamin A, iron, and iodine.
2. What are the major advantages and disadvantages of raising food hydroponically in greenhouses?
3. Describe industrialized food production in the United States.
4. Describe the growth of industrialized meat production.
5. Summarize the use of energy in industrialized food production. Why does it result in an energy loss?
6. What are the major harmful environmental impacts of agriculture?
7. What is soil erosion and what are its two major harmful environmental effects?
8. What is desertification and what are its harmful environmental effects?
9. What is the biggest problem resulting from excessive use of water for irrigation in agriculture?
10.Summarize agriculture’s contribution to projected climate change.
11.Explain how industrialized food production systems reduce biodiversity in areas where crops are growing.
12.Describe the advantages and disadvantages of using genetic engineering in food production.
13.Compare the advantages and disadvantages of industrialized meat production.
14.Compare the advantages and disadvantages of aquaculture.
15.Describe Rachel Carson’s contribution to environmental science.
16.Describe the use of laws and treaties to help protect us from the harmful effects of pesticides.
17.Define integrated pest management (IPM) and discuss its advantages and disadvantages.
18.How have governments used subsidies to influence food production and what have been some of their effects?
19.Describe ways to prevent and clean up soil salinization.
20.How can we reduce desertification?
Case Studies:
Chapter 12
1.Golden rice page 275
2.Soil is the Base of Life on Land – page 281
3.Industrialized Food Production in the United States –
Agribusiness page 282 GMO,s page 283 CAFO page 284 Aquaculture(blue Revolution) – page 285
4.Loss of Soil pages 286-
Rachel Carson – page 295
5.Sustainable Food production – pages 302-310 vocab terracing, windbreaks, contour planting alley cropping, IPM…Polyculture
Chapter 17
Ch 17 List and describe 3 biological, physical and chemical hazards
Discuss case for each, source of problem, problem itself and solutions
Be able to answer questions on LD 50 lab, Note table on page 456
Read cases on page 443(antibiotics),444 (Flue nightmare),page 446 (Infectious disease) 450 (mercury), page 453 (Bisphenol A), Understand and be able to discuss graph on page 461 Risk Analysis (Global Outlook)
GlossaryChapter 17
carcinogens / Carcinogens are chemicals, types of radiation, or certain viruses that can cause or promote cancer
dose / the amount of a harmful chemical that a person has ingested, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin.
dose-response curve / Scientists estimate the toxicity of a chemical by determining the effects of various doses of the chemical on test organisms and then by plotting the results in a dose-response curve. One approach is to determine the lethal dose—the amount needed to kill an animal.
infectious disease / An infectious disease is caused when a pathogen such as a bacterium, virus, or parasite invades the body and multiplies in its cells and tissues.
mutagens / The second major type of toxic agent, mutagens, includes chemicals or forms of radiation that cause mutations, or changes, in the DNA molecules found in cells, or that increase the frequency of such changes.
nontransmissible disease / A nontransmissible disease is caused by something other than a living organism and does not spread from one person to another.
pathogen / A pathogen is a living organism that can cause disease in another organism.
risk / the probability of suffering harm from a hazard that can cause injury, disease, death, economic loss, or damage.
risk analysis / involves identifying hazards and evaluating their associated risks ranking risks (comparative risk analysis), determining options and making decisions about reducing or eliminating risks and informing decision makers and the public about risks.
risk assessment / The scientific process of using statistical methods to estimate how much harm a particular hazard can cause to human health or to the environment.
risk management / involves deciding whether or how to reduce a particular risk to a certain level and at what cost.
toxic chemical / A toxic chemical is one that can cause temporary or permanent harm or death to humans and animals.
toxicity / a measure of how harmful a substance is—its ability to cause injury, illness, or death to a living organism.
toxicology / the study of the harmful effects of chemicals on humans and other organisms. In effect, it is a study of poisons.
transmissible disease / (also called a contagious or communicable disease) is an infectious disease that can be transmitted from one person to another.