Unit 6 Chapters 9 + 10 Practice Test #3
1. Cognitive Processes is a subject that will spend the least amount of time addressing the topic(s) of
A. language
B. problem solving
C. emotion and motivation
D. thought and problem solving
2. Cognition includes two parts called contents and processes. An example of the contents of cognition would be
A. solving problems
B. deciding when to decide
C. a concept
D. reasoning
3. The results of the early experiments in teaching language to chimpanzees
A. showed that chimps can be taught to speak just like humans
B. it was noticed that humans were cueing the chimps to make appropriate linguistic responses
C. determined that chimps could acquire linguistic abilities
D. led to controversy as to whether their linguistic abilities actually were meaningful language uses.
4. A(n) ______is a step-by-step procedure that always provides the right answer for a particular type of problem
A. heuristic
B. mental block
C. algorithm
D. rule of thumb
5. People typically use “rules of thumb” when there are many ways to provide solutions. These are known as
A. algorithms
B. mental blocks
C. an analogy
D. heuristics
6. Basing judgements on information that comes to the mind first defines
A. the availability heuristic
B. the representativeness heuristic
C. an anchoring bias
D. inductive reasoning
7. When we use the term Kleenex to refer to a category of paper, we are using the word as a(n)
A. prototype
B. heuristic
C. algorithm
D. concept
8. When someone mentions Big Ten colleges, Mike immediately thinks of Indiana University. In this instance, Indiana University is a
A. fixation
B. algorithm
C. heuristic
D. prototype
9. The chimpanzee Sultan used a short stick to retrieve a long stick, and then used the long stick to retrieve a piece of fruit. Sultan’s successful solving of a problem is the result of
A. trial and error
B. a fixation
C. an algorithm
D. insight
10. Framing refers to
A. the way in which a problem is stated
B. a methodical step-by-step procedure
C. the grouping of similar objects and events into a category
D. a rule-of-thumb strategy for solving problems efficiently
11. The earliest stage of speech development is called the ______stage
A. babbling
B. telegraphic speech
C. one-word
D. grammatical
12. During the earliest stage of speech development, infants
A. speak in single words
B. imitate adult syntax
C. make speech sounds
D. make some speech sounds that do not occur in their parents’ native language
13. With respect to the debate over language development, nature is to nurture as _____ is to ______
A. Skinner; Whorf
B. Whorf; Skinner
C. Skinner; Chomsky
D. Chomsky; Skinner
14. Which theorist was most impressed by the underlying similarities of all human language systems
A. Skinner
B. Holten
C. Chomsky
D. Bandura
15. Psychological research suggests that humans can most easily amster the grammar of a second language during
A. childhood
B. adolescence
C. early adolescence
D. adulthood
16. Beatrice and Allen Gardner taught the chimpanzee Washoe to communicate by means of
A. pictures
B. Morse code
C. Sign language
D. Simplified typewriter
17. The linguistic relativity hypotheses is most consistent with the suggestion the “words are the ______of ideas”
A. mothers
B. cousins
C. husbands
D. nephews
18. The basic units of language are
A. phonemes
B. morphemes
C. syntax
D. grammar
19. The rules of the order of words in a sentence is called
A. morphemes
B. phonemes
C. grammar
D. syntax
20. Which researcher made extensive use of nonsense syllables in the study of human memory
A. Pavlov
B. James
C. Loftus
D. Ebbinghaus
21. The initial processing of information that leads to representation in memory is known as _____; the recovery at a later time of the stored information is called ______
A. storage; retrieval
B. encoding; retrieval
C. encoding; storage
D. storage; encoding
22. A father has sent his daughter to the grocery store. As his daughter leaves, the father can hear her repeating “a dozen eggs and a loaf of bread” over and over again. The daughter is practicing
A. episodic memory
B. elaborative rehearsal
C. chunking
D. maintenance rehearsal
23. Retroactive interference occurs when
A. previously acquired information makes it more difficult to acquire new information
B. the acquisition of new information makes it harder to remember older information
C. retrieval cues are particularly effective in generating a needed memory
D. information does not move from short-term to long-term memory
24. An actor is using the method of loci to help him remember the lines for the play he’s in. This method emphasizes the use of
A. sound association
B. rhymes
C. stories
D. familiar locations
25. In a study by Elizabeth Loftus and on eyewitness memory, participants were shown a film of an automobile accident. When tested a week later, it was found that the participants memory of whether they had seen broken glass after an accident was most influenced by
A. whether they had seen pictures of the accident
B. being asked which car had a broken window
C. the words used to describe the impact of the two cars
D. the reports given by other eyewitnesses.
26. The tendency for distributed study to yield better long-term retention than massed study is known as
A. the serial position effect
B. state-depended memory
C. the misinformation effect
D. the spacing effect
27. The distributive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information is called
A. state-dependent memory
B. retroactive interference
C. proactive interference
D. the spacing effect
28. When an eyewitness to an auto accident is asked to describe what happened, which test of memory is being utilized?
A. recall
B. recognition
C. rehearsal
D. reconstruction
29. Research on memory construction indicates that memories of past experiences are likely to be
A. difficult to retrieve but never completely lost
B. distorted by our current attitudes and beliefs
C. much more vivid if they are seldom rehearsed
D. retrieved in the very same form and detail as they were originally encoded
30. Our immediate short-term memory for new material is limited to roughly ______units of information
A. 3
B. 7
C. 12
D. 24
31. Cognitive psychologists are most concerned with the study of
A. thinking
B. genetics
C. the unconscious
D. brain chemistry
32. One of the findings from Sue Savage- Rumbaugh’s work with apes Kanzi and Mulika is that they
A. can communicate through spoken language
B. acquired the meaning for certain symbols, by observing others
C. communicate only with other chimps
D. cannot acquire the meaning of spoken words
33. Computing the solution to a problem by using a formula is onle example of
A. functional readiness
B. an algorithm
C. a heuristic
D. the confirmation-bias effect
34. A process called ______prevents us from seeing a new use for an object other than what is usually used for is called
A. belief-bias
B. deductive reasoning
C. the anchoring bias
D. functional fixedness
35. A mental grouping of similar objects or events is a(n)
A. concept
B. prototype
C. heuristic
D. algorithm
36. A prototype is a
A. best example of a particular category
B. step-by-step procedure for typing
C. mental grouping of similar objects, events
D. rule-of-thumb strategy for solving problems efficiently
37. A sudden realization of the solution to a problem is called
A. framing
B. insight
C. a heuristic
D. perseverance
38. When given a candle, tacks, and a box of matches and asked to mount a candle on a wall, people often fail to think of using the matchbox as a candleholder. This best illustrates
A. overconfidence
B. functional fixedness
C. confirmation
D. heuristic
39. The tendency to think of objects only in terms of their normal uses is called
A. functional fixedness
B. the heuristic
C. bias
D. perseverance
40. Telegraphic speech is most closely associated with the ______stage of language development
A. one-word
B. babbling
C. two-word
D. echoic
41. There is evidence of a critical period for language acquisition is the fact that
A. infants babble sounds that do not occur in their parents’ native language
B. toddlers maintain a capacity to discriminate sounds that they have never heard
C. preschoolers often over generalize certain rules of grammatical structure
D. people most easily master the grammar of a second language during childhood
42. Noam Chomsky view of children’s language is that they have
A. a built-in readiness to learn grammatical rules
B. their ability to imitate their parents
C. the learned association of word sounds with various objects
D. the positive reinforcement
43. The spontaneous sounds made by infants are called
A. universal grammar
B. babbling
C. speech
D. motherize
44. Chimpanzees are capable of learning to
A. understand spoken words
B. use signs (sign language) together into a meaningful sequence
C. use computer keyboards to communicate with other chimps
D. do all the above
45. Whorf’s linguistic relativity hypothesis emphasizes that
A. infancy is a critical period for language development
B. the grammatical rules of a language are constantly changing
C. our social status influences our linguistic proficiencies
D. language determines the way we think
46. The tendency to pay attention to information that supports or beliefs is called
A. Selective attention
B. Confirmation bias
C. Stereotyping thoughts
D. None of the above
47. Syntax is related to the
A. order of the words
B. basic units of sound
C. morphemes
D. spelling errors
48. In his research on memory, Ebbinghaus chose to use nonsense syllables because
A. he felt that they would be easier to learn
B. he felt that they would be more difficult to learn
C. his primary interest was in the learning and memory of foreign language vocabulary
D. he wanted a measure that would not be contaminated by previous learning
49. In _____ memory, information becomes available without any conscious effort; in ______memory, one makes a conscious effort to recover the information
A. implicit; explicit
B. explicit; implicit
C. procedural; declarative
D. declarative; procedural
50. Psychological research has shown that iconic memory
A. has a very small capacity
B. is erased whenever a blink occurs
C. does not exist in children
D. fades is less than a second
51. Immediately after hearing a list of names that may be recalled in any order, people typically have the most difficulty remembering items
A. at the beginning of the list
B. at the end of the list
C. in the middle of the list
D. at the end and in the middle of the list
52. The organization of information into meaningful units is called
A. automatic processing
B. the spacing effect
C. chunking
D. the method of loci
53. The three most basic information-processing steps involved in memory are
A. attention, rehearsal, and organization
B. recognition, recall, and relearning
C. reading, reciting, and reviewing
D. encoding, storage, and retrieval
54. Strategies that use familiar information during the encoding of new information to enhance subsequent access to the information in memory are called
A. anagrams
B. mnemonics
C. engrams
D. stereotypes
55. A multiple-choice test requires that you _____ the relevant information. The essay test that you will take for the advances psychology class places more emphasis on you ability to _____ the relevant information
A. recognize; recall
B. recall; recognize
C. recall; recall
D. recognize; recognize
56. Ebbinghaus discovered that the rate at which we forget novel information is initially ______and subsequently ______
A. slow; stays slow
B. slow; speeds up
C. rapid; stays rapid
D. rapid; slows down
57. In an effort to remember how to spell “rhinoceros,” Alissa writes the word 20 times. What technique is she using?
A. priming
B. rehearsal
C. spacing
D. chunking
58. The tendency to recall information best when experiencing the same emotion that was felt when the information was learned is called
A. the spacing effect
B. automatic processing
C. state-dependent memory
D. repression
59. The famous “forgetting curve” indicates that how well we remember information depends on
A. how long ago we learned that information
B. the nature of our mood during encoding and retrieval
C. whether the information is part of our implicit or explicit memory
D. whether the information was acoustically or visually encoded
60. When an eyewitness to an auto accident is asked to describe what happened, which test of memory is being utilized?
A. recall
B. recognition
C. rehearsal
D. reconstruction
Answers
1. c
2. c
3. d
4. c
5. d
6. a
7. d
8. d
9. d
10. a
11. a
12. d
13. d
14. c
15. a
16. c
17. a
18. a
19. d
20. d
21. b
22. d
23. b
24. d
25. c
26. d
27. c
28. a
29. b
30. b
31. a
32. b
33. b
34. d
35. a
36. a
37. b
38. b
39. a
40. c
41. d
42. a
43. b
44. d
45. d
46. b
47. a
48. d
49. a
50. d
51. c
52. c
53. d
54. b
55. a
56. d
57. b
58. c
59. a
60. a