Unit 3 Biology Study Camp
Outline
Molecules
· Water
· Organic molecules
· Carbohydrates
· Lipids
· Proteins
· Nucleic acids
Cells
· Membranes
· Transport
o Diffusion
o Osmosis
o Facilitated diffusion
o Active transport
o Bulk transport
§ Exocytosis
§ Endocytosis
· Organelles
· Apoptosis
· Connections between cells
o Animals
§ Anchoring junctions
§ Occluding junctions
§ Communicating junctions
o Plants
§ Plasmodesmata
Biochemistry
· Chemical reactions
o Catabolic/Exergonic
o Anabolic/Endergonic
· Enzyme action
o Energy requirements
o Structure of enzymes
o Substrates
o Two models
o Factors affecting action
o Inhibition
· Photosynthesis
o Useful wavelengths
o Stages
§ Light dependent
§ Light independent
· Cellular respiration
· Starvation
Inherited diseases
· CF } requirements
· PKU }
· Gene therapy
· Prenatal testing
· Rational drug design – flu virus
· Manufacturing biological molecules
o Insulin
o HHG
o Factor VIII
· Bioethics
Coordination and Regulation
· Endocrine system
o Intra/extracellular fluids
o Cell communication
§ Hormones
· Same cell
· Neighbouring cells
· Distant cells (blood)
o Hormones
§ Amino acid derivatives
§ Peptide/protein hormones
§ Steroid hormones
· Signal transduction
o Homeostasis
§ Negative feedback
o Pheromones
o Plant hormones
§ Auxins
§ Cytokinins
§ Gibberellins
§ Abscisic acid
§ Ethylene
· Nervous system
o Structure
§ CNS
§ PNS
o Neurons
§ 3 types
§ Structure
§ Action potential
o Neurotransmitters – nerve-muscle junction
o Neurohormones
o Excitatory and inhibitory neurons
o Brain and spinal cord
o Compare nerve and hormone actions
o Homeostasis
Infection and Disease
· Pathogens – cellular and non/cellular
o Prions
o Viruses
o Bacteria (Prokaryotes)
§ Shapes
§ Gaseous requirements
· Aerobes
· Facultative anaerobes
· Obligate anaerobes
§ Photosynthetic and chemosynthetic
· Organic and inorganic substrates
§ Transmission – vector / carrier
§ Endo/exotoxins
§ Antibiotics
o Eukaryotes
§ Protists – amoeba, giardiasis
§ Multicellular – ticks, plasmodium
§ Fungi
§ Arthropods
§ Worms
§ STDs
§ Control against pathogens – quarantine
Immunity
Lymphatic system
Non-specific immunity
· 1st line of defence
o Skin
o Mucous membranes
o Natural secretions
o Natural flora
· 2nd line of defence
o Phagocytes and NK cells
o Complement proteins
o Interferon
o Cytokines
o Inflammation
Specific immunity
· 3rd line of defence
o Humoral immunity
o B cells
· B-memory cells
· B-plasma cells
· Antibodies
o Self and non-self (antigen)
· MHC markers
· Class 1 markers on all cells
· Class 2 markers on B & T cells
o Clonal-selection theory
· Proliferation
o Antibodies
· Structure
o Cellular immunity
o T cells
· Helper T cells (Th)
· Cytotoxic T cells (Tc)
Acquired specific immunity
· Active immunity
o Natural active immunity
o Induced active immunity
§ Attenuated organisms
§ Vaccination
· Passive immunity
o Natural passive immunity
o Induced passive immunity
Disorders of the immune response
· Allergies
· Rhesus incompatibility
· Autoimmune diseases
· Rejection of transplanted organs
· Immune deficiency disease
· Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
· Plants’ immune system?
o Mechanical barriers
o Chemical barriers