Unit 3–BIODIVERSITY, SPECIES INTERACTIONS, SPECIES LOSS

STUDY GUIDEName: ______

Period: ______

Chapter 4 – Evolution and Biodiversity

Key Terms

(Terms are listed in the same font style as they appear in the text.)

biological diversity (biodiversity) (p. 78)

biological evolution (p. 80)

natural selection (p. 80)

fossil record (p. 81)

genetic variability (p. 82)

mutations (p. 82)

adaptationor adaptive trait (p. 82)

heritable (p. 82)

differential reproduction (p. 82)

fitness (p. 84)

speciation (p. 86)

geographic isolation (p. 86)

reproductive isolation (p. 86)

extinction (p. 87)

endemic species (p. 87)

artificial selection (p. 88)

selective breeding (p. 88)

genetic engineering (p. 88)

species diversity (p. 89)

species richness (p.89)

species evenness (p.89)

ecological niche(p. 91)

generalist species (p. 91)

specialist species (p. 92)

native species (p. 92)

nonnative species(invasive, alien, exotic)(p. 92)

indicator species (p. 93)

keystone species (p. 95)

top predator (p. 95)

foundation species (p. 95)

Chapter 4 - Questions

1.Differentiate between the following kinds of biodiversity:

species diversity –

ecological diversity –

functional diversity –

genetic diversity –

2.Why should we care about biodiversity?

3.Briefly summarize the theory of biological evolution by natural selection.

4.Describe the role of fossils in the theory of evolution.

5.Thoroughly explain how the genetic makeup of a population can change and how certain individuals can leave more offspring than others.

6.Summarize and address three common misconceptions about evolution.

7.How can geologic processes, climate change, and catastrophes affect biological evolution?

8.Discuss the two most common methods of speciation. Use Figure 4-8 on page 87 to explain your answer.

9.Why is species richness important?

10.Contrast anecological niche with a habitat.

11.Distinguish between a specialist and a generalist. Use Figure 4-11 on page 91 to explain your answer.

Evaluate the conditions that favor each of these two approaches.

12.Why can indicator species be referred to as “biological smoke alarms”?

13.Discuss the importance of keystone species.

14.Give an example of each type of organism from a specific ecosystem:

Example / Ecosystem
Native Species
Nonnative Species
Indicator Species
Keystone Species

Chapter 5 – Biodiversity, Species Interactions, and Population Control

Key Terms

(Terms are listed in the same font style as they appear in the text.)

interspecific competition (p. 101)

predation (p. 101, 102)

coevolution (p. 104)

parasitism (p. 101, 105)

host (p. 101, 105)

mutualism (p. 101, 106)

commensalism (p. 101, 106)

population dynamics (p. 108)

population distribution (p. 108)

clumping

uniform dispersion

random dispersion

biotic potential (p. 109)

intrinsic rate of increase (r) (p. 109)

environmental resistance (p. 110)

carrying capacity (K) (p. 110)

exponential growth (p. 110)

logistic growth (p. 110)

overshoots (p. 111)

reproductive time lag (p. 111)

diebackor crash (p. 111)

r-selected speciesoropportunists (p. 112)

K-selected speciesor competitor (p. 112)

population density (p. 113)

density-dependent population controls (p. 113)

density-independent (p. 113)

top-down control population regulation(p. 113)

bottom-up control population regulation(p. 113)

ecological succession(p. 115)

primary succession (p. 115)

secondary succession (p. 115)

pioneer or early successional plant species (p. 116)

midsuccessional plant species (p. 116)

late successional plant species (p. 117)

climax community (p. 118)

Chapter 5 - Questions

1.Describe the competitive exclusion principle.

2.Explain the following strategies prey species use to avoid predation and give an example of a species that employs it.

Explanation / Example
camouflage
chemical warfare
warning coloration
mimicry
behavioral strategies

3.Describe strategies that predators use to capture their prey.

4.Give two examples of organisms engaged in these types of relationships/interactions:

Example 1 / Example 2
Interspecific Competition
Predation
Parasitism
Mutualism
Commensalism

5.Describethe process of resource partitioning. Use Figure 5-8 on page 107 as an example to explain the concept.

6.Explain why certain species utilize the type of population distribution patternknown as ‘clumping’. Give examples of species that have clumped populations.

7.Give examples of resources that would be limiting factors in an ecosystem.

8.Explain what determines the carrying capacity (K) of an ecosystem and what happens to an organism’s population as it approaches K.

9.Referring to the graph below: Explain what causes the J-shaped growth curve in “Phase A”. Draw and label the carrying capacity. Explain what causes the S-shaped growth curve in “Phase B”.

10.Fully describe the characteristics of each species type listedbelow and give specific examples of species that exhibit this reproductive pattern.

r-selected:

k-selected:

Draw and label Figure 5-14 from page 112 in the space below.

11.Explain density-dependent population controls and density-independent population controls.

12.Differentiate between top-down population regulation and bottom-up population regulation and give an example of each.

13.Distinguish between primary and secondary succession.

Not in the textbook

14.Draw a graph of, and describe, the three general types of survivorship curves.

(Type I)late loss curves–

(Type II)constant loss curves–

(Type III)early loss curves –

15.Give examples of organisms that display the three types of survivorship curves.

Chapter 9 – Sustaining Biodiversity: The Species Approach

Key Terms

(Terms are listed in the same font style as they appear in the text.)

background extinction (p. 185)

extinction rate (p. 185)

mass extinction (p. 185)

local extinction (p. 185)

ecological extinction (p. 185)

biological extinction (p. 185)

endangered species (p. 186)

threatened (vulnerable) species (p. 186)

instrumental value (p. 189)

ecotourism (p. 190)

intrinsic or existence value (p. 191)

HIPPCO (p. 193)

habitat island (p. 193)

habitat fragmentation (p. 193)

poaching (p. 204)

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) (p. 206)

Endangered Species Act of 1973 (p. 207)

habitat conservation plans (HCPs) (p. 207)

gene (seed) banks (p. 208)

botanical gardensand arboretums (p. 209)

captive breeding (p. 209)

precautionary principle(p. 211)

Chapter 9 - Questions

1.Distinguish between background extinction and mass extinction.

2.Discuss the role of humans on the rate of extinction at present.

3.List eight characteristics that make species prone to extinction.

4.The acronym HIPPCO helps us remember the 6 major causes of premature biodiversity loss. Explain what each letter represents.

H –

I –

P –

P –

C –

O –

5.Name and briefly describe a far-reaching international treaty to protect wildlife.

6.Name and describe the main components of “the most far-reaching environmental law ever adopted by any country.”

7.Assess the advantages and disadvantages of using wildlife refuges, gene banks, botanical gardens, and zoos to protect wildlife.