Unit 10 the Truth About an Animal Is Far More Exciting And

H. BiologyAnimals study guide IName ______

Unit 10 The truth about an animal is far more exciting and

Animals altogether more beautiful than all the myths woven

Chapters 25 & 26 about it.

- Konrad Lorenz

Chapter 25 Introduction to Animals (pages 728 – 249)

Section 1. What is an Animal? (pages 730 – 735)

Obj. 1. List the characteristics that all animals share.

Obj. 2. Differentiate between the invertebrates and chordates.

Obj. 3. List and discuss the essential functions that animals perform in order to survive.

1. What characteristics do all animals share? (page 730)

1. A classmate is looking at a unicellular organism under a microscope. She asks you if it is an animal. What would you say and why?

1. What is the defining characteristic of invertebrates?

1. What are four characteristics of chordates? (p. 731)

1. Why would you be unlikely to find a notochord in an adult chordate?

1. How do vertebrates differ from chordates?

1. Describe the essential functions performed by all animals. (pages 732 – 734)

1. Why must waste products produced by metabolic processes by eliminated?

1. Which body system delivers waste products to the respiratory and excretory system?

Section 2. Animal body plans and evolution (pages 737 – 744)

Obj. 1. Discuss trends in animal evolution

Obj. 2. Explain the difference among the animal phyla

1. List 8 features of animal body plans.

1. Differentiate between radial and bilateral symmetry. Give an example of each.

1. Define endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm.

1. Differentiate between acoelom, pseudocoelom and coelom. Give an example animal in each area. (p. 738)

1. Define and differentiate between zygote, blastula, protostomes anddeuterostomes.

1. How is the embryology of echinoderms similar to that of vertebrates? What does this imply about their evolutionary relationship? (p. 739)

1. What is meant by cephalization? Why is this an evolutionary advantage for animals? (p. 740)

1. What two features define animal phyla?

1. Why would some phyla body plans, over time, become extinct?

1. Why is a body plan considered an evolutionary experiment?

Chapter 26 Animal Evolution and Diversity (pages 750 – 779)

Section 1. Invertebrate Evolution and Diversity (pages 752 – 756)

Obj. 1. Explain what the fossil evidence indicates about the timing of the evolution of the first animals.

Obj.2. Interpret the cladogram of invertebrates

1. What was the Cambrian explosion?

1. When does the fossil evidence indicate that the first animals evolved? (page 752)

1. What two characteristics of early animals explain the scarcity of animal fossils older than the Cambrian Period?

1. What is a cladogram? (page 754)

1. What does the cladogram of invertebrates show?

1. Looking at the cladogram on page 754, what features would the echinoderms and the arthropods have in common? What features would be different?

1. Why is multicellularity, not the same as tissues?

Section 2. Chordate Evolution and Diverstiy (pages 757 – 764)

Obj. 1. Describe the most ancient chordates.

Obj. 2. Interpret the cladogram of chordates.

1. Name the group of animals whose ancestors were related to the earliest chordates? Why was Pikaiaconsidered to be an early chordate?

1. List the 6 groups of chordates. How are the nonvertebrate chordates different from the vertebrates? (page 758)

1. Looking at the cladogram on page 758, which group of animals was the first to have a true bony skeleton?

1. What adaptations launched the adaptive radiation of the cartilaginous fishes? (p. 759)

1. Look at figure 26-9. How is the body shape of Tiktaalik different from that of most tetrapods today?

1. How do the bony fishes differ from the cartilaginous fishes?

1. How are the limb bones ofProterogyrinus different from those of Ichthystega?

1. Why are amphibians considered creatures that lead a double life?

1. What are the three surviving orders of amphibians today?

1. What adaptations did Reptiles have that allowed them to be better adapted for life on the land?

1. Why do people feel that birds evolved from dinosaurs? (p. 763)

1. When did the first mammals appear? Why did their evolution increase dramatically after the Cretaceous period?

1. List the three major groups of mammals and give an example of each.

Section 3. Primate Evolution. (pages 765 – 772)

Obj. 1. Identify the characteristics that all primates share.

Obj. 2. Describe the major evolutionary groups of primates.

Obj. 3. Describe the adaptations that enabled lager hominine species to walk upright.

Obj. 4. Describe the current scientific thinking about the genus Homo.

1. What are the characteristics of primates and how is each characteristic beneficial?

1. At what point do the two major groups of primates split, and why? (p. 767)

1. What early hominine bones changed shape over time, allowing later hominines to walk upright?

1. How was bipedal locomotion important to hominine evolution?

1. Which two species are considered humans? What happened to the Neanderthals?

H. BiologyAnimals Study guide part IIName ______

Unit 10-Some people talk to animals. Not many listen though.

Animals That’s the problem.

Chapters 27 – 29- A.A. Milne, Winnie-the-Pooh

Chapter 27 – Animal Systems I (pages 780 – 805)

Section 1. Feeding and Digestion. (pages 782 – 786)

Obj. 1. Describe the different ways animals get food.

Obj. 2. Explain how digestion occurs in different animals.

Obj. 3. Describe how mouthparts are adapted for an animal’s diet.

1. Define and give an example of the following ways animals obtain food.
2. Filter feeders

1. Detritivores

1. Carnivores

1. Herbivores

1. Nutritional symbiants
2. Parasitic

1. Mutulastic

1. What is intracellular digestion? Give an example of an animal that uses that strategy.

1. What is extracellular digestion?

1. Define gastrovascular cavity and digestive tract.

1. Describe the adaptations of the mouthparts and digestive systems of leaf-eaters and meat-eaters.

1. How are ruminants different from omnivores and carnivores? What is meant by “chewing the cud”?

Section 2. Respiration (pages 787 – 790)

Obj. 1. Describe the characteristics of respiratory structures that all animals share.

Obj. 2. Explain how aquatic animals breathe.

Obj. 3. Identify the respiratory structures that enable land animals to breathe.

1. In what ways are all respiratory structure of all animals similar?

1. Why is it important that respiratory surfaces are moist and selectively permeable?

1. Which groups of aquatic animals breathe with gills? With lungs?

1. What structures are inside the gill filaments that connect the gills with the rest of the body?

1. Why do some animals actively pump water over their gills?

1. Differentiate between a spider’s respiratory system and a grasshoppers.

1. How does the evolution of alveoli greatly increase the efficiency of the mammalian lung?

1. How is bird respiration different from mammals and reptiles?

Section 3. Circulation. (pages 791 – 793)

Obj. 1. Compare open and closed circulatory systems.

Obj. 2. Compare patterns of circulation in vertebrates.

1. What is an open circulatory system? What animals use this strategy?

1. What is a closed circulatory system? What animals use this strategy?

1. How does having a closed circulatory system benefit a large, active animal?

1. Differentiate between single and double loop circulatory systems. What is the advantage of the double loop system?

1. Trace the path of a drop of blood through a double loop system.

Section 4. Excretion. (pages 794 – 798)

Obj. 1. Describ3e the methods animals use to manage nitrogenous wastes.

Obj. 2. Explain how aquatic animals eliminate wastes.

Obj. 3. Explain how land animals eliminate wastes.

1. What dangerous waste product is produced during protein metabolism?

1. How do insects change and eliminate ammonia?

1. How do reptiles and birds change and eliminate ammonia?

1. How do mammals and some amphibians eliminate ammonia?

1. How do the kidneys help maintain homeostasis while processing nitrogenous wastes?

1. In general, how do aquatic animals address the ammonia problem?

1. How do the differing water balance needs of freshwater animals and saltwataer animals explain the difference in their excretion of nitrogenous wastes?

1. In what form do the following animals excrete nitrogenous waste?
2. Annelids and mollusks

1. b. insects and arachnids

1. mammlas and land amphibians

1. reptiles and birds.

1. Explain how differing water balance needs relate to an animal’s conversion of ammonia to urea or uric acid?

1. What is the purpose of salt glands? Crocodiles have this gland but alligators do not. How would this affect where these populations would be found in Florida?

Chapter 28 Animal Systems II (pages 806 – 837)

Section 1. Response (pages 808 – 813)

Obj. 1. Describe how animals respond to stimuli.

Obj. 2. Summarize the trends in the evolution of nervous systems in animls.

Obj. 3. Describe some of the different sensory systems in animals.

1. What are neurons?

1. What is a stimulus? How dosensory neurons help animals respond to stimuli?

1. What is role of interneurons? (p. 809)

1. How do sensory neurons, muscles, interneurons and motor neurons work together to generate a response to a stimulus?

1. What are two general ways in which nervous systems differ among animal groups?

1. Describe the degree of cephalization shown by cnidarians, flatworms, octopi and vertebrates. (p. 811)

1. Contrast the nervous system of a cnidarian with that of a vertebrate.

1. What indicates that a bird is probably more capable of learning than a Reptile. (page 811)

Section 2. Movement and support. (pages 814 – 818)

Obj. 1. Describe the three types of skeletons in animals.

Obj. 2. Explain how muscles produce movement in animls.

1. Summarize the characteristics of the three types of skeletons.

1. What are two advantages of an exoskeleton?

1. Give two examples of endoskeletons not made of bone.

1. What is the function of joints and ligaments?

1. How do muscles help animals to move? What is the function of tendons? (page 816)

1. What is the difference in how muscles are attached in exoskeletons and endoskeletons?

1. Why are the largest land animals vertebrates?

Section 3. Reproduction. (pages 819 – 826).

Obj. 1. Compare asexual and sexual reproduction

Obj. 2. Contrast internal and external fertilization.

Obj. 3. Describe the different patterns of embryo development in animals.

Obj. 4. Explain how terrestrial vertebrates are adapted to reproduction on land.

1. Compare asexual and sexual reproduction. Which will generate more genetic diversity?

1. How do internal and external fertilizationdiffer?

1. Name some invertebrates that reproduce by internal fertilization and some that reproduce by external fertilization.

1. Describe the three types of embryo development, oviparous, ovoviviparous, viviparous. (page 822)

1. What is the placenta?

1. Describe incomplete and complete metamorphosis and give an example for each.

1. What is the difference between a nymph and pupa?

1. What is an amniotic egg? How does this egg allow reptiles, birds and the monotreme mammals to reproduce on land?

1. What is the difference between marsupials and placentals?

1. Why do proplethink maternal care is an important mammalian characteristic?

1. How do the offspring of animals that provide little parental care survive?

Section 4. Homeostasis. (pages 827 – 830)

Obj. 1. Explain how homeostasis is maintained in animals.

Obj. 2. Describe the importance of body temperature control in animals.

1. Why must all body systems work together to maintain homeostasis?

1. How do the immune system and the endocrine system maintain homeostasis?

1. What is the difference between an ectotherm and an endotherm?

1. How can being anectotherm be an advantage for an animal?

1. Why do people feel that evolution towards endothermy has happened twice?

Chapter 29 Animal Behavior (pages 838 – 857)

Section 1. Elements of behavior (pages 840 – 845)

OBJ. 1. Identify the significance of behavior in the evolution of a species.

Obj. 2. Explain what an innate behavior is.

Obj. 3. Describe the major types of learning.

Obj. 4. Explain what types of behaviors are usually considered complex.

1. What is behavior?

1. How does animal behavior evolve?

1. What is innate behavior? Give three examples.

1. What is learning?

1. Briefly describe the 4 major types of learning. (habituation, classical conditioning, operant conditioning and insight learning)

1. Give an example of how humans learn through classical conditioning.

1. How do many complex behaviors arise (page 844)

1. What is imprinting? How can imprinting be harmful to a species?

Section 2. Animals in their environments (pages 847 – 851)

Obj. 1. Explain how environmental changes affect animal behavior.

Obj. 2. Explain how social behaviors increase the evolutionary fitness of a species.

Obj. 3. Summarize the ways that animals communicate.

1. How do animals respond to environmental changes? Give an example of animals that migrate and have a circadian rhythm.

1. Describe the three types of social behaviors, courtship, territoriality and aggression and animal societies.

1. Describe how animals communicate with each other visually, chemically, acoustically and using language.

A clade (from Ancient Greekκλάδος, klados, "branch") or monophylum (see monophyletic) is a group consisting of an ancestor and all its descendants, a single "branch" on the "tree of life".[1] The ancestor may be an individual, a population or even a species (extinct or extant). Many familiar groups, rodents and insects for example, are clades; others, like lizards and monkeys, are not (lizards excludes snakes, monkeys excludes apes and humans).

Cladogram (family tree) of a biological group. The red and blue boxes at right and left represent clades (i.e., complete branches). The green box in the middle is not a clade, but rather represents an evolutionary grade, an incomplete group, because the blue clade at left is descended from it, but is excluded