UNIT12 – ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY II

DIGESTIVE, REPRODUCTIVE, NERVOUS, AND MUSCULAR SYSTEMS

Mon, 4/25 – Fri, 5/14

Unit Objectives

At the conclusion of this unit, you should be able to:

  1. Distinguish among herbivores, carnivores and omnivores.
  2. Describe the feeding mechanisms and give examples of animals that use; filter-feeding, substrate-feeding, deposit-feeding, and fluid-feeding.
  3. Distinguish between intracellular and extra-cellular digestion.
  4. Describe some distinct advantages that complete digestive tracts have over gastrovascular cavities and list the major animal phyla with alimentary tracts.
  5. Describe the role of the major digestive enzymes.
  6. Recognize the function of the components of the digestive system.
  7. Sequence the pathway taken by a sample food through the digestive system.
  8. Explain the function of bile, describe where it is produced and stored as well as its composition.
  9. Describe the enzymatic digestion of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids including the reactants and products for each enzymatic reaction and whether they occur in the (a) oral cavity, (b) stomach or (c) small intestine.
  10. Give examples of vertebrates with the following digestive adaptations and explain how these adaptations are related to diet: variation in dentition, variation in length of digestive tract, and multi-chambered stomach.
  11. List the four classes of essential nutrients.
  12. List and distinguish between water soluble and fat-soluble vitamins.
  13. Be familiar with the functions and descriptions of: jejunum, ileum, duodenum, villi, microvilli, cecum, appendix, bolus, and chyme.
  14. Compare gametogenesis in ovaries and testes.
  15. Describe the process of fertilization including its definition, location, and polyspermy preventions.
  16. Determine the fate of the following: ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm.
  17. Sequence the events in the development of a fertilized egg from the zygote to germ layer.
  18. Give examples of asexual reproduction and organisms employing this method.

19. Locate and give the functions of the structures of the male and female reproductive systems.

20. Give the functions of hormones related to the vertebrate reproductive system: progesterone, LH, FSH, HCG,

estrogen, oxytocin, prolactin, and testosterone.

21. Describe the trends of evolution of the vertebrate brain.

22. Label a diagram of a neuron. Identify the events and processes that occur in each of the areas.

23. Identify the functions of the central, peripheral, and autonomic nervous systems.

24. Describe the functions of the cerebellum, cerebrum, hypothalamus, and spinal cord.

25. Sequence the pathway of a reflex arc from receptor to motor neuron. Label a diagram of a typical arc, describing

what happens at each area.

26. Distinguish between receptors/effectors and sensory/motor/interneurons.

27. Relate membrane permeability to the movement of Na+ and K+ ions.

28. Compare hyperpolarization of a neuron to depolarization.

29. Identify the types of neurotransmitters.

30. Label a diagram of a synaptic region. Identify where neurotransmitters are released, direction of impulse travel, ion

flow, and fusion of the neurotransmitter occur.

31. Discuss the processes and structures involved in the contraction of a skeletal muscle including

  1. the relationship between a muscle fiber and a sarcomere
  2. constructing a diagram illustrating thick and thin filaments, I and A bands, Z lines, H zones
  3. a description of the importance of ATP/ADP and Ca2+ in the contraction process