LHS Academic Biology Name: Block:
Mr. Zahm Date:
Unit 1 Test Study Guide (Ch’s 1-3)
1. Protein Synthesis What is the path of Protein Synthesis (production) inside the cell? (In other words, “What organelles are involved, in what order, and what does each do”?)
(i) Where do the RNA instructions come from? (Where most orders come from: the
boss!) Ans: THE NUCLEUS
(ii) Where do they go in the cytoplasm to make proteins? (1 organelle, 2 places)
Ans: RIBOSOMES
(iii) Once a protein is made, they travel on the cell highway. (This organelle is a
transportER.)
Ans: ROUGH ER
(iv) And finally, they get shipped in vesicles around – or to outside – the cell. (Which organelle is the UPS of the cell?)
THE GOLGI
2. Energy Production
a. What two organelles are involved in Energy Production in cells.
MITOCHONDRIA and CHLOROPLASTS
b. What chemical is used to store energy in a cell? A T P
c. Which organelle is found both in plant and animal cells? MITOCHONDRIA
d. Which organelle is found only in plant cells? CHLOROPLASTS
3. Cell Membranes
a. What is a cell membrane and what are its functions?
- OUTER BOUNDARY OF A CELL; IT CONTROLS WHAT ENTERS AND
LEAVES.
b. What is its structure? (What are the two main parts and how are they organized?)
- LIPIDS AND PROTEINS; LIPIDS FORM TWO LAYERS AND PROTEINS
ARE EMBEDDED – STUCK – IN THEM.
c. How many cells have a cell membrane? ALL CELLS
d. Draw a simple sketch of a small section of cell membrane and label the 2 main parts.
- LOOK AT BACK PAGE
4. a. What is Passive Transport?
MOVEMENT of PARTICLES from HIGH CONCENTRATION
to LOW CONCENTRATION
b. List the three types. DIFFUSION, OSMOSIS, FACILITATED DIFFUSION
c. How much energy does it require from a cell? NONE
d. What size particles can diffuse in/out of a cell, small or large? SMALL
e. What is osmosis? DIFFUSION OF WATER THROUGH A MEMBRANE
f. Which cell in the diagram (A or B) is experiencing passive transport?
- CELL B, FROM HIGH TO LOW
5. a. What is Active Transport?
- MOVEMENT OF PARTICLES FROM LOW TO HIGH CONC.
b. Where does the energy come from to power it? THE CELL
c. What size (sml/lrg) particles must be moved actively? LARGE
d. List a material that must be moved actively. SUGAR, STARCH, PROTEINS
e. Which cell in the diagram (below) is experiencing active transport? CELL A
6. “Carbon chemical compounds” (Called “organic compounds”, because of carbon.)
[C ARBOHYDRATE s , LIPID s , P ROTEINS s , N UCLEIC A CID s ,]
a. Which of the four carbon-compound is used primarily for energy in living things?
- CARBS.
b. What word means “one sugar”?
- MONOSACCHARIDE
c. Which carbon-compound can be used as enzymes, those chemicals that speed up
chemical reactions in living things? EZYMES ARE PROTEINS
d. Which organic compound is made of “amino acid” monomers?
- PROTEINS
e. What monomer is the organic polymer starch made of?
- SUGAR
7. Enzymes
a. What type of carbon (organic) compound are enzymes?
- PROTEIN
b. What monomers form a protein polymer?
- AMINO ACIDS
c. What do they do?
- ENZYMES SPEED UP CHEMICAL REACTIONS BY LOWERING
ACIVATION ENERGY
d. How do they function? (Discuss shape)
- AN EZYMES SHAPE DETERMINES WHAT REACTANTS IT CAN BRING
TOGETHER.
e. How are enzymes affected by changes in homeostasis (temp, pH)?
- ENZYMES QUIT WORKING WHEN THE TEMP. OR pH RISE OR LOWER
TOO MUCH.
8. Levels of Biological Organization
Arrange the following levels of life in the living world from largest (1) to smallest (6):
- Cell, Organism, Biosphere, Tissue, Community, Ecosystem
1 3 6 2 4 5
9. Eukaryotes and Prokaryotes (“Euks have nucs, but Proks have no yolks”)
What structures do Euks and Proks have? (Check the appropriate boxes.)
Cell Structures / Eukaryotes / Prokaryotescell membrane / X / X
cytoplasm / X / X
DNA / X / X
ribosomes / X / X
a nucleus / X / --
Other organelles / X / --
10. pH
a. What does pH measure? PH MEASURES ACIDITY (IN A SOLUTION)
b. Draw a simple pH Scale. Label it correctly from 1-14. Show the Acid, Base, and neutral ranges.
pH Scale (of Acidity)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
ß increasingly acidic neutral increasingly basic à
11. Water
a. Why does ice float in liquid water? WATER EXPANDS WHEN IT FREEZES,
AND BECOMES LESS DENSE.
c. What does it mean that water is polar? – IT BEHAVES LIKE ITS TWO ENDS ARE OPPOSITELY CHARGED
12. Organelles/Structures (in Eukaryotic Cells)
a. What is an organelle? A membrane bound space that does a specific job in a cell.
b. Fill in the functions table.
Organelle / FunctionNucleus / Stores genetic material; controls cell function
Smooth ER / Produces and transports lipids
Rough ER / Produces/transports proteins
Ribosomes / Produces proteins in the cytoplasym
Golgi / Modifies (changes), packages, and transports materials
Lysosomes / Stores and releases enzymes to digest food, old cell parts
Mitochondria / Converts (changes) food in to energy for all cells
Chloroplast / Plant organelle; makes food from sunlight
Vesicle / A membrane-bound sac that transports materials in a cell
Vacuole / A membrane-bound sac that stores materials in a cell
Large Central Vacuole / Found in plant cells; stores water to help plant cells keep their shape
13. Chemical Bonding
a. How are Ionic Bonds and Covalent Bonds compare and contrast?
- Both are ways that atoms attach chemically to other atoms.
- In Ionic bonds, atoms transfer electrons; In Covalent, atoms share electrons.
14. Plant vs Animal Cells
a. What structures do plant cells have that animal cells do not? (There are 3.)
- Chloroplasts (for making food); a Cell Wall, and a Large Central Vacuole
b. What is the significance of these plant cell structures? (For what purpose do they use
those structures?)
- They work together to help a plant reach sunlight, in order for it to absorb sunlight. Remember that plants use their chloroplasts to make food from the energy in sunlight. The cell wall and LCV (90% of cell’s volume) work together to keep the cells brick-like shape so that the plant can reach upward and expose its leaves to the sun.
c. What parts do animal cells have that plants do not?
- Lysosomes, Centrioles, small Vacuoles
15. Chemical Reactions
a. Definition: The change of one or more substances (reactants) in to one or more
new substances (products).
b. Write the reaction for combustion (burning); label reactants, arrow, and products.
Act. Energy
C6H12O6 à CO2 + H2O + Heat + Light
Reactants Products
c. What is “Activation Energy”?
- Energy needed to start any chemical reaction; (can be a lot or little)
d. List four types of evidence of a chemical reaction.
- Change in … (i) Temperature (ii) Color (iii) State (solid/liq/gas) (iv) odor
16. CELL TRANSPORT
Explain what is going on in all three transport scenarios (situations): Active or Passive? If passive, type? And, how do you know - concentrations?
A. A. DIFFUSION
B. B. FACILITATED DIFFUSION
C. C. ACTIVE TRANSPORT