Grade 8 Science Review

Science 8

2017

Final Exam

Study Guide

Unit 1 – Mix and Flow of Matter

1. Name the 3 states of matter and describe the motion of their particles by filling in the chart below:

Name the state / solid / liquid / gas
What shape and volume does it have?
Give an example
Describe the particles in this state
What happens when they are poured?

2. List the 4 key ideas of the Particle Model of Matter.

3. Draw and label a diagram of Changes of State and, explain what happens in each process of the changes of state.

Vaporization / Sublimation / Freezing or solidification
Condensation / Melting or fusion / What is evaporation?

4. All matter is classified as either a pure substance or mixture. Fill in the table below:

Pure Substances / Mixtures
Element Examples
1.
2.
3. / Homogeneous are (description)
-
-
Homogeneous Examples
1.
2.
Compound Examples
1.
2.
3. / Heterogeneous are (description)
-
-
Heterogeneous Examples
1.
2.
3.

5a. What factors makes materials dissolve?

5b. A solution is made up of 2 or more materials: the solute and solvent. Explain what each of these terms means and give an example for each.

Solution
-
-example:
Solute
-
-example:
Solvent
-
-example:

6. Describe how you would make a solution more concentrated.

7. How much of a substance can be dissolved? The limit to concentration is called solubility. Define the terms below.

unsaturated solution –
supersaturated solution –
saturated solution –
insoluble solution-
dilute-

8. During the winter, Alberta experiences very icy road conditions. What do cities do to tackle this problem and make it safer for driving? Explain why this approach works.

9. Suppose you mix lemon juice, sugar, and cold water to make lemonade. After stirring, there is still some undissolved sugar at the bottom of the glass.

a) Why didn’t all the sugar dissolve?
b) Which type of solution was formed?
c) What type of solution would form if you heated the lemonade and added more?

11. Explain the following.

How does the viscosity of liquids vary?
(hint: think of temperature vs. viscosity) / How does the viscosity of gases vary?
(hint: think of temperature vs. viscosity)

12. Define the following terms and calculate the density of an object

Density / Is
Mass / Is
Volume / Is
Weight / Is
Gravity / Is
Density Formula / Density (D)=
Calculate the density of an object having a mass of 10 g and a volume of 2cm3

13. Wearing a life jacket while on a boat can help to save your life if you fall into the water. Why is this the case?

14. Explain why a solid piece of wood floats easily on the surface of liquid water.

15. Using the particle model explain why a fluid will always flow out of a crack or small

hole in an open container. (hint: think of pop bottle demo)

16. List and describe Pneumatics and Hydraulics systems and give 2 examples of each

pressure system.

Hydraulics / -
-
-
Examples
1. 3.
2. 4.
Pneumatics / -
Examples
1.
2.

17. If 1 m3 of water exerts a force of 10 000 N, what is the pressure exerted by 12 m3 of water on a 3 m2 wall of glass? Calculate in the box below.

Unit 2 – Cells and Systems

1. What are the 5 characteristics of living things? List an example for each.

2a. List the parts of the animal and plant cells and their functions.

Animal

-
-
-
-

Plant

-
-
-
-
-
-

b. Identify the different types of cells

/
/

4. Describe: impermeable, permeable and semi-permeable.

impermeable –
example-
permeable –
example-
semi-permeable –
example-

5. What is diffusion? What is osmosis?

Diffusion –
example-
Osmosis –
example-

6. What tissues in a plant transport water? transport sugars?

water = / sugars =

7. Explain what the following body systems and their function. List some organs that are part of each system

System / Functions / Organs
digestive / to
circulatory / to
respiratory / brings in
excretory / to
nervous / to

8. List the 3 advantages of being multicellular.

9. List the correct order of cell organization in a multicellular organism.

10. How are the following systems connected? And how exactly do they connect?

circulatory and digestive – / circulatory and respiratory –

14. List 5 things you need to do to maintain healthy organs and systems?

Unit 3 – Light and Optical Systems

1. Which type of mirror would you use to see a virtual image or a true image of

yourself?

2. What is reflection? Draw a ray diagram to help explain.

a. Reflection –
b. Ray diagram of reflection – calculate the angle of reflection and label all parts of the diagram.


c. The angle of reflection is:

3. What is refraction? Draw a simple ray diagram to help explain.

Refraction –
Ray diagram of refraction- Calculate the angles of refraction an label all parts of the ray diagram.


4. Why does light bend when it goes from one medium to another?

5. When a light ray goes from air (less dense) to water (more dense), what way does the light bend? Which direction does it go when going from water to air?

from air to water –
from water to air –

6. What is the basic principle of light?

7. Why does a shadow happen?

8. Describe convex and concave mirrors and lenses in terms of behavior of light.

Convex mirror – / Concave mirror –
Convex lens – / Concave lens –

9. List and describe the 5 sources of light and give at least 1 example for each.

incandescent – / Ex.
chemiluminescent – / Ex.
bioluminescent – / Ex.
fluorescent- / Ex.
phosphorescent- / Ex.

10. Describe and give an example for:

transparent –
example:
translucent –
example:
opaque –
example:

11. Match the parts of the eye to the camera parts (aperture, lens, diaphragm, film). Know how each part performs its function

EYE
/ CAMERA

retina
lens
iris
pupil

12. Explain the functions of each part of the microscope.

a. eyepiece-

b. course adjustment knob-

c. fine adjustment knob-

d. objective lens-

e. stage-

f. diaphragm-

g. light source-

h. body tube-

i. base-

j. arm-

13. What is the blind spot?

14. Explain near and farsighted vision. In each case, what is the shape of the eyeball?

Near sighted –
Far sighted –

15. Explain the difference between a refracting and reflecting telescope.

Unit 4 – Mechanical Systems

1. List the 6 simple machines studies in this unit.

2. Draw and label a diagram of a 1st, 2nd and 3rd class lever and give 2 examples for each.

Class 1 examples /

Class 2 examples

/ Class 3 examples

3. Which simple machines make use of a wedge?

4. What simple machine would be involved in an 18-speed bike? a child’s

tricycle?

18 speed bike =
/
tricycle =

5. You can have any number of gears connected together and you can make them in various different shapes and sizes. Each time you pass power from one gear wheel to another, you do each of the following three things. Please explain:

Increase speed (speed up rotary motion):
Increase force (slow down rotary motion):
Change direction:

6. When you have a longer effort arm, do you require more or less force to move the load? Is it a speed or force advantage?

7. Look at this simple diagram.

Which direction would the gears would go in a gear train of 5 gears if….

A B C D E
a. If gear B rotates counterclockwise, which direction will gear D rotate?
b. If gear A is the driving gear and rotates counter clockwise, which direction will D rotate?

8. What do you do to make the effort easier to move a box of 50N from the floor to a

shelf?

9. What is the benefit of using an inclined plane?

10. What is the formula for calculating work? What is it measured in? Calculate the work done by a person weighing 550 Newtons* (N) and climbing a 3-meter-high staircase.

Formula for work / What is it measured in? / What is the work done by a person weighing 550 Newtons* (N) and climbing a 3-meter-high staircase?

11. Define machine.

12. Define and calculate mechanical advantage.

a. Mechanical advantage is
b. On a seesaw, you are trying to lift the person on the other side. You apply an effort force of 600N to the seesaw and the other person weighs 1800N. Calculate the mechanical advantage of the lever.

13. Answer the questions about pulleys and describe the different types of pulleys.

What is a pulley? / What does a pulley do?
Describe how a simple/fixed pulley works. /
Describe how a moveable pulley works. /
Describe how a combined/block and tackle pulley works. /

14. Describe your understanding of machines that have a mechanical advantage:

Mechanical advantage of a machine / What does this mean?
LESS THAN 1
Equal to 1
MORE THAN 1

15. Read about the frictional forces exerted on a bike and answer the following question:


What is friction? A push or a pull exerted on an object. Without wheels, objects slide to a stop. Friction is responsible for stopping. Friction seems to make energy disappear. Wheels eliminate friction, or so it seems
Wheels Use friction to control motion. Eliminate the “bad” effects of friction
Types of Friction Static Friction-Acts to prevent objects from starting to slide. Forces can vary from zero to an upper limit.
Sliding Friction-Acts to stop objects that are already sliding. Forces have fixed magnitudes
FrictionalForcesincrease when you:
  • push the surfaces more tightly together
  • roughen the surfaces
  • static force is greater than sliding force
  • friction force drops when sliding begins
Problem: You are pedaling your up a very big hill. If you account for friction, how can you minimize the energy that it takes to get to the top?

16. Define efficiency.

a. efficiency –
b. Why is no machine 100% efficient?
c. How do you calculate efficiency?

Unit 5 – Fresh and Salt Water Systems

1. What is the name of the end of a glacier that is farthest down the valley?

2. When the amount of melting is more than the amount of ice flow the glacier is considered ______. When the amount of melting is less than the amount of ice flow it is considered ___________.

3. How do glaciers form?

4. What type of water is there more of, salt or fresh? What are the percentages?

There is more ______water / Salt water = / Fresh water =
What % of water makes up frozen? / What % of water makes underground? / What % of water makes up surface?

5. When water trickles down through the soil and collects in the spaces between soil

particles this is known as a ______.

6. List and describe the land features that are created from glacial movements.

Esker –
Kettle lake –
Drumlin –
Morraine –
Erratic –

7. List things used to determine whether a body of water is a lake or a pond.

8. Why is it important to measure sediment in environmental monitoring?

-
-
-
-

9. List and describe the components of the water cycle.

10. In the movement of the ocean what are some types of water movement caused by winds?

11. List 3 characteristics of neap and spring tides.

a. Neap Tides / Spring Tides
-
-
- / -
-
-
b. What is the difference between high and low tide? / What causes tides?

12. Explain the difference between water quantity and water quality.

13. Where do the salts in the ocean come from?

14. Why is the climate of a city or town, near a large body of water usually warmer and more humid?

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