Unit 1 Conflict and Challenge – The World of 1919 Test Review

Multiple Choice

Multiple choice questions will be based on the following topics/lessons:

  • Paris Peace Conference: Objectives – U.S., France, Britain
  • Treaty of Versailles
  • Successor States
  • League of Nations
  • Search for Security in Europe - France
  • 1917 March Revolution
  • 1917 November Revolution

Written Response

One of the following questions will be selected for the written response question:

Question: To what extent did the Treaty of Versailles satisfy each of the Big Three leaders?

Objectives / Satisfied / Not Satisfied
Wilson /
  • League of Nations established
  • self-determination in Eastern Europe (Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia)
  • disarmament (military restrictions)
/
  • most of the Fourteen Points were ignored or rejected
  • only the defeated powers were disarmed
  • Britain refused to accept freedom of seas
  • Britain, France, Belgium refused to allow self-determination to their colonies
  • Anschluss was denied
  • Senate refused to accept the treaty or join the League of Nations

  • Fourteen Points

Clemenceau /
  • Article 231
  • disarmament (military restrictions)
  • Alsace-Lorraine returned
  • received German colonies
/
  • received Saar coalfields for only 15 years
  • Rhineland only demilitarized not an independent country
  • reparations not high enough

  • national security
  • reparations

Lloyd George /
  • reduction of the German navy
  • received German colonies
/
  • did not support League of Nations
  • opposed self-determination
  • reparations too high

  • security of sea lanes to its empire
  • did not want to
cripple Germany

Question: Explain the reasons for the failure of the League of Nations.

Reason / Explanation
incomplete membership /
  • U.S. absence weakened effectiveness of economic sanctions against aggressors since the aggressor nation can obtain supplies from the U.S (ex. Italian invasion of Ethiopia)
  • U.S. absence left Britain and France as the only major powers in the League but they preferred direct negotiations between states and refused to place their affairs in the hand of an impotent organization
  • Germany and USSR were not original members of the League impairing its ability

lack of power
and enforcement /
  • the League had no adequate means to enforce its will on offenders as it did not have an army
  • although it had the power to impose economic sanctions if often lacked the will to do so

structure of
the League /
  • the decisions of the Assembly had to be unanimous which was difficult to achieve and paralyzed the League
  • the members of the Council were able to veto League action thus preventing it from doing anything

Depression /
  • the Depression made countries try to get more land and power
  • countries did not want to impose sanctions and further reduce trade during the economic crisis

nationalism /
  • large countries were unwilling to be told what to do by larger countries and Japan, Italy and Germany still viewed war as means of national advancement

attitude of
members towards League /
  • the major powers did not take the League seriously and undermined its effectiveness; Italy and Japan betrayed the League and Britain and France did not do enough to make it work

Question: Explain the factors that contributed to the November 1917 Revolution in Russia.

Factor / Explanation
Provisional Government problems /
  • the war, land reform, divisions with the government and challenge to its authority from the Petrograd Soviet created problems for the Provisional Government and weakened it

economic
conditions /
  • economic conditions had not improved (inflation and food shortages) since the March Revolution and were even worse

Petrograd Soviet /
  • the Petrograd Soviet passed Order Number 1 which stated soldiers should not take orders from officers but rather regiment committees
  • Lenin demanded “All Power to the Soviets”
  • the Bolsheviks won control of the Petrograd Soviet after the Kornilov Affair

Red Guards /
  • a private Bolshevik army dedicated to the revolution was established and gave the Bolsheviks the military power to overthrow the Provisional Government

Lenin /
  • Lenin was an effective leader, determined; he was ruthless, brilliant speaker and good planner

April Thesis /
  • “Peace, Bread, and Land” appealed to many people who were impatient for change

Kornilov Affair /
  • the Bolshevik Red Guards (Petrograd Soviet) demonstrated their power when they prevented Kornilov’s attempted coup
  • the army lost credibility
  • the right wing factions felt Kornilov was betrayed while the left wing faction felt the government plotted to destroy them and the subsequent split in the Duma was the turning point in the left-right wing dispute

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