Test Review Forms1
PORTFOLIO
TEST REVIEW FORM
Description of the Test:
Title: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III (WAIS-III)
Author(s): David Wechsler
Publisher: The Psychological Corporation
Copyright Date(s): 1997
Type of Test: Intelligence
Underlying Theory: Measures an individual's potential for purposeful and useful behavior. It evaluates many cognitive abilities: more than just ability to reason abstractly, to learn, or adapt. Also aware of nonintellective factors: anxiety, persistence, goal awareness, etc. Responses to items may indicate psychological disturbances.
Nature of Test Items: comprised of 14 subtest (see below). Each subtest has its own unique nature. Ranging from question and answer to time performance on replicating block designs.
Number of Test Forms: unknown (appears to be 1 form)
Subtests:
List Names:
Verbal Scales
Information: Range of knowledge
Comprehension: Judgement
Arithmetic: Concentration
Similarities:Abstract thinking
Digit Span: memory, anxiety
Vocabulary:Vocabulary level
Letter-Number-
Sequencing
Performance Scales
Digit Symbol:Visual-motor functioning
Picture Completion:Attention to detail
Picture Arrangement:Planning ability
Block Design:Nonverbal reasoning
Object Assembly:Analysis of part-whole relationships
Matrix Reasoning
Symbol Search
Each subtest has a scaled score of 10 with a SD of 3.
Reliability Information:
Test-Retest: Done for two age groups 25-34 and 45-54. Given in a 2 to 7 week interval. Reliability coefficient ranges from a low of .67 (Object Assembly 45-54) to a high of .94 (Information 45-54). VIQ = .94 (25-34) and .97 (45-54). PIQ = .89 (25-34) and .90 (45-54). FIQ = .95 (25-34) and .96 (45-54)
Split-Half: Spearman-Brown for all subtests except for Digit Span and Digit Symbol for age ranges from 16-17 to 70-74. Reliability coefficient ranges from a low of .52 (Object Assembly 16-17) to a high of .96 (Vocabulary across many of the age ranges). VIQ = .97. PIQ = .93. FIQ = .97.
Alternate-Form: none given
Interitem Consistency: not done. However, correlations between subtests (intrasubtest) and VIQ, PIQ, and FIQ are given but a Cronbach Alpha was not done.
Inter-Rater: not applicable
Standard Error of Measurement: each subtest has a SEM a low of .49 (Vocabulary 16-17) and high of 1.91 (Object Assembly 16-17). Average SEM were VIQ 2.74, PIQ 4.14, and FIQ 2.53
Validity Information:
Face Validity: has face validity
Content Validity: has content validity
Criterion-Related Validity: with academic success, tests of achievement, and formal education
Construct Validity: convergence with similar IQ measures, no divergence given
Standardization:
Size and Composition of the Standardized Sample: 2,450 people comprised the standardization sample reflecting ages 16-89
Describe the Sampling Procedures: Stratified Random Sampling based on the most current census data.
Administration Procedures: individual administration procedure, should be done by a trained evaluator.
Scoring: is done by hand by the evaluator
Interpretation: guidelines for interpreting each interval of scores is given: very superior - mentally retarded.
Comments:
Appropriate Client Use: people for whom the test was standardized. It is a test of intelligence so caution should be used when interpreting it for occupations, education, and training.
Appropriate for Which Groups of People with Disabilities: generally those people who would not fall into the categories below.
Groups of People with Disabilities not Appropriate: people who were institutionalized for mental illness, people with traumatic brain injuries, people with severe behavioral or emotional problems, people with physical impairments which restrict responses to test items, people whose primary language is other than English.
PORTFOLIO
TEST REVIEW FORM
Description of the Test:
Title: Slosson Intelligence Test
Author(s): Richard Slosson
Publisher: Western Psychological Services
Copyright Date(s): 1961, 1962, 1963, 1975
Type of Test: Intelligence
Underlying Theory: a short intelligence test for screening for both children and adults. It is similar to the Stanford-Binet and uses a chronological and mental age.
Nature of Test Items: earlier items involve performance by young children (e.g., makes small throaty noises other than crying; draw a circle) for later years it mostly verbal and arithmetic questions. Mean of 100 SD of 16.
Number of Test Forms: one form now the L-M
Subtests: none
Reliability Information:
Test-Retest: .97 with a two-month interval
Standard Error of Measurement: 4.3
Validity Information:
Face Validity: has face validity
Content Validity: items are similar to those of the Stanford-Binet
Criterion-Related Validity: concurrent validity with the Stanford-Binet it has a range of coefficients from a low of .90 (age 4 years) to a high of .98 (ages 6 and 7). Also, the Cattell Infant Intelligence Scale .70
Construct Validity: none given
Standardization:
Size and Composition of the Standardized Sample: children and adults came from both urban and rural populations in New York State. The referral came from cooperative nursery schools, public, parochial and private schools, from junior and senior high schools. The came from gifted as well as developmentally disabled classes--White, Black, and some American Indian. Some came from the Youth Bureau, some from a Home for Boys. The very young children resided in an infant home. The adults came from the general population, from various professional groups, from a university graduate school, from a state school for the developmentally disabled and from a county jail.
Many of these individuals were difficult to test as they were disturbed, negativistic, withdrawn and many had reading difficulties. Some suffered from neurological disorders or other physical defects. The only cases which were excluded from this study were individuals who could not speak English.
Describe the Sampling Procedures: none given
Administration Procedures: detailed instruction to find basal and ceiling (10 in a row right and 10 in a row wrong). Uses mental age divided by chronological age times 100.
Scoring: correct responses are given 1/2 to 3 month's credit for mental age.
Interpretation: given as a percentile but also discusses what scatter may mean (e.g., gifted, emotionally disturbed, organic brain damage).
Comments:
Appropriate Client Use: use with norm groups people with reading problems, visually impaired, deaf, or other language handicaps. Not to be used with an interpreter
Appropriate for Which Groups of People with Disabilities: see above
Groups of People with Disabilities not Appropriate: people with hearing impairments that need interpreters.
PORTFOLIO
TEST REVIEW FORM
Description of the Test:
Title: Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI & MMPI-2)
Author(s): S.R. Hathaway and J.C. McKinely MMPI; J.N. Butcher, J.R. Graham, W.G., Dahlstrom, A.M. Tellegren, and B. Kaemmer MMPI-2
Publisher: The Psychological Corporation
Copyright Date(s):
Type of Test: Assess personality characteristics that affect personal and social adjustment
Underlying Theory: Utilizes criterion-group approach to distinguish abnormal groups from normal. Criterion-groups consisted of people with hypochondriasis, depression, hysteria, psychopathic deviance, paranoia, psychasthenia, schizophrenia, and hypomania. Also has two content scales masculinity-femininity and social-introversion. Has three validity scales to provide information about the person's approach to test-taking (faking bad or good); 1) Lie (L) scale evaluate an attempt to naively portray oneself in a positive light, 2) Infrequency Scale (F) 64 items that less than 10% are scored by the normal population, it detects attempts to fake bad, 3) K scale detects people who attempt to deny problems and present oneself in a positive light, criterion-group was people with normal patterns but were known to be disturbed.
Nature of Test Items: 550 items covering wide range of categories, from subjects physical condition to moral and social beliefs. Subject responds by indicating agreement, disagreement, or uncertainty.
Number of Test Forms: two MMPI and MMPI-2
Subtests:
Lie ScaleNaive attempts to fake good
F ScaleAttempt to fake bad
K ScaleDefensiveness
HypochondriasisPhysical complaints
DepressionDepression
HysteriaImmaturity
Psychopathic DeviateAuthority conflict
Masculinity-FemininityMale/female interests
ParanoiaSuspicion, hostility
PsychastheniaAnxiety
SchizophreniaAlienation, withdrawal
HypomaniaElated mood, high energy
Social IntroversionIntroversion, shyness
MMPI-2
Variable Response Deals with random responding
Consistency Scaleusing matched items with similar content
True Response Measures acquiescence--to agree
Consistency Scaleregardless of content of the item
HEAMeasures health concerns
TPAMeasures type A personality--hard
driving, impatient, irritable
FAMEvaluates family disorders and possible child abuse
WRKWork interference. Examines behaviors
or attitudes likely to interfere with work performance.
Scale / < T 45 / 60 – 70 T / 70 T > / Implications for Marked ScoresLie (L) / Willingness to admit to common human faults / Sees things in black and white, there is a wrong and right way to behave. High standards for self and others / Unusual score. / Fearful of being judged by others
Infrequency (F) / No problems he/she is aware of / Feeling badly in one area, not too worried about the problem / Feeling badly, life is not going well / Usually motivated for therapy because of psychological pain
(K) / Life is not going well or has not gone well in recent past / Life is going along well / Great emphasis on life being good / Inability to see aspects of personal hurt
Hypochondriasis (Hs) / Does not complain about physical illness as much as the average person / May have had a cold or not felt well when taking the test / Illness is a main focus of concern for the person / Person does not see main focus of how psychological stress affects his/her bodily complaint. Does not see the need for psychological help.
Depression (D) / Optimistic / Feeling blue, may have had a “down” day / Hurting, may be motivated for psychological help / Person usually motivated for therapy
Hysteria (Hy) / Believes others see life as too easy / Optimistic, cheerful / Denies the psychological impact of problems, unaware / Lacks insight into personal problems
Psychopathic Deviate (Pd) / Peaceable / Assertive / Self centered, angry if others do not put client’s needs first / Difficulty seeing need to change own behavior
Masculinity (Mt) / Not usual score / Aesthetic interests / Educated, does not fit “macho” role / May have some behavioral passivity
Femininity / Not usual score / Rarely seen. Does not like to seen as a typical woman / Feminine, accepts feminine role / May have difficulty wit appropriate sex role identification
Paranoia (Pa) / Naïve or wishes others to see him or her that way / Sensitive. / Suspicious of others motives / May be suspicious or wary of therapist
Psychasthenia (Pt) / Non-anxious. May appear unmotivated / May pb organized and puctual / Anxious, ruminates about problems / Anxiety may motivate a person to come in for therapy
Schizophrenia (Sc) / Likes structure, non-imaginative / Maybe Creative / Confused, hard to follow, typically has used words idiosyncratically / May have poor judgment. May feel different than others
Hypomaniz (Ma) / Lacks energy / Energetic / May be hyperactive, and take one more than one can finish / May have difficulty keeping to one task and focusing on one topic
Social Introversion (Si) / Extroverted. May like being in front of people / Prefers the company of people he/she knows. / Introverted. Hurts to be around others. / Difficulty in overcoming introversion to come into therapy
Reliability Information:
Test-Retest: Using a normal population of 47 individuals over a one year interval, reliabilities ranged form .57 for the hysteria scale to .83 for the hypomania scale. Over a one week interval on one hundred people from a normal population reliabilities ranged from .46 for the lie scale to .91 from masculinity-femininity. Over a three day interval on thirty individuals form the normal population reliabilities ranged from .52 for psychopathic deviate scale to .93 for the K scale.
Split-Half: none
Alternate-Form: none
Interitem Consistency: none
Standard Error of Measurement: none
Validity Information:
Face Validity: none
Content Validity: using criterion-group approach content does distinguish groups
Criterion-Related Validity: bases for test construction
Construct Validity: extensive studies done for alcoholism, eating disorders, low-back pain patients, delinquent behavior, women at risk for child abuse.
Standardization:
Size and Composition of the Standardized Sample: MMPI of a cross-section of the Minnesota population, ranging from 16 to 55 and including both sexes. Also included data on 250 precollege and college students. MMPI-2 selected 2900 subjects from seven geographic areas of the U.S.
Describe the Sampling Procedures: unknown
Administration Procedures: check reading ability and administer test
Scoring: precise scoring for true/false
Interpretation: Very complicated interpretation procedures which require training. Meehl's two point code (two highest scales that are elevated) gives configural patterns for identification.
Comments:
Appropriate Client Use: MMPI has been used with a variety of clients.
Appropriate for Which Groups of People with Disabilities: those with reading abilities.
Groups of People with Disabilities not Appropriate: those with out language abilities, possibly those hearing impaired and visually impaired.
PORTFOLIO
TEST REVIEW FORM
Description of the Test:
Title: California Psychological Inventory
Author(s): Harrison G. Gough
Publisher: Consulting Psychologist Press
Copyright Date(s): 1987, 1991
Type of Test: Personality
Underlying Theory: The goal is to assess the kind of everyday variables that ordinary people use in their daily lives to understand, classify, and predict their own behavior and that of others. The CPI seeks to appraise folk concepts--concepts that arise from and are linked to the ineluctable processes of interpersonal life, and that are to be found everywhere that humans congregate into groups and establish societal functions.
Folk concepts of this kind constitute an attractive way to assess personal dispositions because of their hypothesized universality, their relevance to the daily demands of the social nexus, and their emergence and survival over long periods of time in the natural language.
The CPI utilizes the criterion-group approach and has more than 150 identical items from the MMPI.
Nature of Test Items: 462 items answered true/false and uncertain.
Number of Test Forms. one
Subtests:
20 scaled scores of a mean of 50 and SD 10.
Dominance (Do)H: confident, assertive, dominant, task-oriented
L: unassuming, not forceful
Capacity for H: ambitious, wants to be a success, independent
Status (Cs)L: unsure of self, dislikes direct competition
Soci-H: sociable, likes to be with people, friendly
ability (Sy)L: shy, feels uneasy in social situations, prefers to keep in the background
SocialH: self-assured, spontaneous; a good talker; not
Presence (Sp)easily embarrassed
L: cautious, hesitant to assert own views or opinions; not sarcastic or sharp-tongued
Self H: has good opinion of self; sees self as accepted personnally talented, and as attractive
(Sa)L: self-doubting; readily assumes blame when things go wrong; often thinks others are better
Independence H: self-sufficient, resourceful, detached
(In)L: lacks self-confidence, seeks support from others
Empathy (Em)H: comfortable with self and well-accepted by others; understands the feelings of others
L: ill at ease in many situations; unempathic
ResponsibilityH: responsible, reasonable, takes duties seriously
(Re)L: not overly concerned about duties and obligations; may be careless or lazy
SocializationH: comfortably accepts ordinary rules and
(So)regulations; finds it easy to conform
L: resists rules and regulations; finds it hard to conform; not conventional
Self ControlH: tries to control emotions and temper; takes
(Sc)pride in being self-disciplined
L: has strong feelings and emotions, and makes little attempt to hide them; speaks out when angry or annoyed
Good H: wants to make a good impression; tries to do what will please others
(Gi)L: insists on being himself or herself, even if this causes friction or problems
CommunalityH: fits in easily; sees self as a quite average
Cm)person
L: sees self as different from others; does not have the same ideas, preferences, etc., as others
Well BeingH: feels in good physical and emotional health;
(Wb)optimistic about the future
L: concerned about health and personal problems; worried about the future
ToleranceH: is tolerant of others' beliefs and values, even
(To)when different from or counter to own beliefs
L: not tolerant of others; skeptical about what they say
AchievementH: has strong drive to do well; likes to work in
(Ac)settings where tasks and expectation are clearly
defined
L: has difficulty in doing best work in situations with strict rules and expectations
Achievement H: has strong drive to do well; likes to work in
Indepen-settings that encourage freedom and individual
dence (Ai)initiative
L: has difficulty in doing best work in situations that are vague, poorly defined, and lacking clear-cut methods and standards
IntellectualH: efficient in use of intellectual abilities;
(ie)can keep on at a task where others might get
bored or discouraged
L: has a hard time getting started on things, and seeing them through to completion
PsychologicalH: more interested in why people do what they
Mindednessdo than in what they do; good judge of how people
(Py)feel and what they think about things
L: more interested in the practical and concrete than the abstract; looks more at what people do than what they feel of think
FlexibilityH: flexible; likes change and variety; easily (Fx)bored by routine life and everyday experience; may impatient, and even erratic
L: not changeable; likes a steady pace and well-organized life, may be stubborn and even rigid
FemininityH: sympathetic, helpful, sensitive to criticism
Masculinitytends to interpret events from a personal point
(F/M)of view; often feels vulnerable
L: decisive, action-oriented; takes the initiative; not easily subdued; rather unsentimental
InternalityH: introversion
(v.1)L: extraversion
Norm-favoringH: conformity
(v.2)L: nonconformity
Self-Real-H: capable to cope with stresses of life;
ization (v.3)reasonable fulfilled or actualized
L: lacking resolve, vulnerable to life's trauma; not fulfilled or self-actualized.
Validation Scales are the Well Being (raw scores below 20 are faking bad); Good Impression (raw scores above 31 are faking good) and; Communality (raw scores below 27 are erratic and non-normal patterns of response)