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Lecture Note Guides
Biology of Plants
Bio 332
Three insert pages are required!
Phylogeny Flowers
Gymnocones 1
Gymnocones 2
Page 1
Science:______
______
Scientific Method:
1.______
2.______
3.______
4.______
5.______
6.______
7.______
Biology:______
Properties of Life:
1.______
2.______
3.______
4.______
5.______
6.______
Levels of Organization:
1.______
2.______
3.______
4.______
5.______
6.______
7.______
8.______
Taxonomic Hierarchy
1.______
2.______
3.______
4.______
5.______
6.______
7.______
8.______
9.______
10.______
Plesiomorphies of Plants
1.______
2.______
3.______
4.______
5.______
6.______
7.______
Photosynthesis:
______
______+ ______> ______+ ______
______
Why Study Plants?
Page 1
1.______
2.______
3.______
4.______
5.______
6.______
7.______
8.______
9.______
10.______
11.______
12.______
13.______
14.______
15.______
Page 1
Seed Parts:
1.______
2.______
3.______
Seed Germination:______
______
Seeds Lacking Dormancy Need:
1. ______2.______
If More Dormant:
Feature / Treatment needed / ExampleBarley Seed Germination Labeled Sketch
Capsella Seed Longitudinal Section
Seed CoatEmbryo
Endosperm
Micropyle
Lettuce Seed Germination Story:
______
______
______
______
______
______
______
______
______
______
______
______
Root Structure and Function
1.______
2.______
3.______
4.______
5.______
6.______
7.______
Four Overlapping Areas Along Root Length
1.______
2.______
3.______
4.______
Three Primary (immature) Tissues
1.______
2.______
3.______
Root Cap Facilitates Penetration Three Ways
1.______
2.______
3.______
Gravitropism Mechanism
1.______
2.______
3.______
4.______
5.______
6.______
Water and Mineral Uptake
1.______
2.______
3.______
4.______
Sketch of Dicot Root Cross Section
1.______
2.______
3.______
4.______
5.______
6.______
(7.______)
Monocot Cross Section Differs By
1. Having______
2. Having______
3. Lacking______
Pericycle Functions
1. In all plants______
2. In woody plants______
Root System Structure
1.______
2.______
3.______
4.______
5.______
(among others!)
Stem Structure and Function
1.______
2.______
3.______
4.______
5.______
Sketch of Dicot Stem Cross Section
1.______
2.______
3.______
4.______
5.______
6.______
7.______
Sketch of Monocot Stem Cross Section
1.______
2.______
3.______
4.______
5.______
6.______
7.______
Sketch of Woody Dicot Stem Cross Section
1.______
2.______
3.______
4.______
5.______
6.______
7.______
8.______
9.______
Annual Growth Rings
Spring wood cells are______
Cells get ______as the summer progresses
Winter wood cells are______
The ring is perceived because______
______
______
The study of growth rings is called______.
The oldest individual organism is______.
Their individual age may be ______years.
Periderm
Cambium differentiates between______
The cambium is called______
The parenchyma derivative is called______
And is found towards the______
The sclerenchyma derivative is called______
And is produced______
The dead cells accumulate the chemical______
The periderm can insulate against______
The periderm can also assist in______
The three regions of a woody stem are
1.______
2.______
3.______
When a sommelier (wine steward) presents you with the cork you should
1.______
2. If______
3. If not______
Leaf Structure and Function
1.______
2.______
3.______
4.______
5.______
6.______
Kinds of Leaves
One blade per petiole:______
Multiple blade shapes per plant:______
Multiple blades per petiole:______
At end of petiole:______
Along rachis (petiole):______
Sketch of “Typical” Leaf Cross Section
1.______
2.______
3.______
4.______
5.______
6.______
7.______
8.______
9.______
Stomatal Function
Guard cells possess this energy organelle______.
In light photosynthesis makes______in the guard cells.
Water moves ______the guard cells.
The turgor pressure ______in the guard cells.
The guard cells increase in ______.
The two cells are joined______.
The stoma between the cells______.
Floating leaves likely have stomata______.
Epidermal hairs might be soft to______.
In bright sun the layers of palisade mesophyll______,
And comprise ______of the leaf thickness.
In shade the palisade may be______.
In Connecticut shade is used to make______.
Glandular hairs might produce______for defense.
Hairs might produce______to spring a pulvinus.
Glandular hairs produce______to mine an insect.
Photosynthesis
The energy is from______
The molecules put together are______
The organic product is______
The inorganic by-product is______
Photosynthesis in “one step”
______+ ______ ______+ ______
Photosynthesis Block Diagram
___what____ whatwhat
___where____ where_________
___ specif.____ specif.where
Light
Wavelength from ____ to ______perceived as ______.
Energy sequence is
Short/High ______Long/Low
Presence of all visible wavelengths perceived as ______.
Absence of all visible wavelengths perceived as ______.
A green object absorbs______.
A green object reflects______.
Amplitude from ____ to ______perceived as ______.
Darkness is ______Living room is ______
CT Winter day is ______Brightest Earth day is ______
Sketch of Photosynthesis Action Spectrum
Colors used effectively in PSN: ______
Color least effectively used in PSN: ___
Wavelengths not used in PSN at all:______
Sketch of Light Dose Response
The intensity where PSN=Resp is called______
At higher intensities______
At lower intensities______
A sun-loving has a______compensation point.
A shade-tolerant plant is______efficient at PSN.
Light Reactions
The light energy is absorbed______by chlorophyll a.
The reaction center pigments absorb at _____wavelengths.
These wavelengths have ______energy.
More pigments___energy of other wavelengths to P680/700.
Electrons for this come from the splitting of ______.
The electrons and some protons are received by______.
These electronic reactions occur in the______
of the______.
Besides the oxygen by-product, the two coupling products of the Light reactions are: ______and .
Calvin Cycle
Is a system of ______reactions.
It occurs in the______
of the ______.
Its 3 phases:______,______,______.
The system requires the inputs:______, ______and______.
The product removed from the cycle is______.
The rate-limiting step is catalyzed by______.
This enzyme is inefficient because______.
C-4 Reactions
Evolved an enzyme for fixation:______.
This enzyme uses the substrate______.
The first product of fixation is a______acid.
This is decarboxylated to swamp rubisco with______.
This avoids the competitive______.
The C-4 fixation is in these cells______.
The C-3 fixation is in these cells______.
Which fixation cycle uses the most energy?______.
These cells have more light reaction capacity______.
The cost of C-4 reactions is ______.
In CAM, the C-4 and C-3 reactions are separated______.
Insert Phylogeny Flowers Here!
Cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria are in kingdom______
They are ______-karyotic and so lack______
They and their kin evolved in the ______time.
The cyanobacteria dominated the______era.
The cyanobacteria added______to the air.
The cyanobacteria have been on this planet for______years.
The inorganic by-product is______
Sketch of a Vegetative Cyanobacterial Cell
The cell above reproduces by______.
Its cytokinesis is by______.
The resulting cells are often joined by a______.
When the cells clump the species is______.
When the cells form chains the species is______.
Chain branches held only by sheath are______.
Chain branches held by cell contact are______.
Division of labor may include______and______.
The cell responsible for nitrogen fixation:______.
The cell serving as hypnospore:______.
Vegetative cells ______endomembranes.
Heterocysts do not carry out______.
Heterocysts ______endwall plugs.
Cyanobacterial photosynthetic pigments include:
______, ______, and______.
The prochlorophytes uniquely use:______.
Prochlorophyte most-related to chloroplasts:______.
Plant Clade
Green Algae, Bryophytes, and Vascular Plants______a clade.
The unifying features, aka______, are:
1.______
2.______
3.______
4.______
5.______
6.______
Sketch of the Generic Life Cycle (with two shortcuts)
If there is no multicellular haploid it is______.
If there is no multicellular diploid it is______.
With both multicellular haploid and diploid______.
With no multicellular stage it is______.
Sketch of the three kinds of gametes
Chlorophyta (Green Algae) Cell Sketch
Sketch of the Chlamydomonas Life Cycle
The gametes are______and cycle is______.
Sketch of the Ulva Life Cycle
The gametes are______and cycle is______.
Sketch of the Codium Life Cycle
The gametes are______and cycle is______.
Sketch of the Oedogonium Life Cycle
The gametes are______and cycle is______.
Synapomorphies of Bryophytes with all Plants
a.______
b.______
c.______
d.______
e.______
f.______
g.______
Three classes: ______
Sketches of the Thallose Liverwort Gametophyte Parts
Sketches of the Thallose Liverwort Sporophyte Parts
Sketch of the Thallose Liverwort Life Cycle
Sketch of the Leafy Liverwort Life Cycle
Synapomorphies of Moss with all Plants
a.______
b.______
c.______
d.______
e.______
f.______
g.______
Sketches of the Moss Gametophyte Parts
Sketches of the MossSporophyte Parts
Spores germinate into a filamentous gametophye showing how ______recapitulates______.
In difficult conditions the chloronema can form______.
The "leaf" of the moss is known as a______.
The leaf arrangement is______.
The stem______conducting cells.
These are known as ______and______.
The photosynthetic tissues are______cell(s) thick.
The male gametangium is called______.
The female gametangium is called______.
Sperm move to egg by______.
Sperm have this shape______and swim with______.
Sperm chemotaxis is chemistry from______cells.
The calyptra over the moss capsule is from______.
The three sporophyte parts: ______
The sporophyte gets its energy from______.
The spores are dispersed by______in most.
The spores are shed to this vector when the air is______.
Other species that colonize ____are dispersed by______.
Their spores must be______.
Hornwort Gametophyte wm / Hornwort Gametophyte csHornwort Antheridium ls / Hornwort Archegonium ls
Hornwort Zygote (hypothesis) / Hornwort Sporophyte wm
Hornwort Sporophyte ls / Hornwort Sporangium cs
Critical Apomorphies of Hornworts
1.______
2.______
3.______
Sketches of the Hornwort Life Cycle
Spore-Producing Vascular Plants
Psilotum sporophyte features
1. Stem______
Branching Pattern______
Xylem/Phloem arrangement______
Xylem maturation______
Stele type______
2. Leaf is a(n)______because______
3. “Root” anchorage______
Mineral and water uptake______
4. Sporangium ______
Number of sporangia______
Position of sporangia______
Spores are vectored by______
Psilotum gametophyte features
1. Thallus______
Anchorage______
Nutritional Mode______
2. Antheridia______
Sperm release is by______
3. Archegonia______
Fossil genera similar to Psilotum:______, ______
These plants dominated the landscape in the ______
Club moss sporophyte features
1. Stem______
Branching Pattern______
Xylem/Phloem arrangement______
Xylem maturation______
Stele type______
2. Leaf is a(n)______because______
Leaf arrangement______
3. “Root” anchorage______
Mineral and water uptake______
4. Sporangium ______
Number of sporangia______
Position of sporangia______of ______
Sometimes collected into a terminal______
Spores are vectored by______
Club Moss gametophyte features
1. Thallus______
Anchorage______
Nutritional Mode______
2. Antheridia______
Sperm release is by______
3. Archegonia______
Fossil genera similar to Club Moss:______, ______
Similar plants were present later in the ______
Equisetum sporophyte features
1. Stem______
Branching Pattern______
Xylem/Phloem arrangement______
Xylem maturation______
Stele type______
2. Leaf is a(n)______because______
Leaf arrangement______
3. Root anchorage______
Mineral and water uptake______
4. Sporangium ______
Number of sporangia______
Position of sporangia______of ______
Sporangiophores are in a terminal______
Spores are vectored by______facilitated by______
Equisetum gametophyte features
1. Thallus______
Anchorage______
Nutritional Mode______
2. Antheridia______
Sperm release is by______facilitated by ______
3. Archegonia______
Fossil genus similar to Equisetum:______, ______
The largest horse-tail is______
Ferns
Fern sporophyte features
1. Stem______
Xylem/Phloem arrangement______
Xylem maturation______
Stele type______
2. Leaf is a(n)______because______
Leaf is often______
3. Root anchorage______
Mineral and water uptake______
4. Sporangia clustered in______on______
Number of sporangia______
Spore release______
Spores are vectored by______
Fern gametophyte features
1. Thallus______
Anchorage______
Nutritional Mode______
2. Antheridia______
Sperm release is by______
3. Archegonia______
Chemotaxis of sperm is by______
Selaginella
Selaginella sporophyte features
1. Stem______
Xylem/Phloem arrangement______
Xylem maturation______Stele type______
Endodermal cells are called______
2. Leaf is a(n)______because______
Dorsiventral flattening leads to______
3. Root anchorage______
Stem suspended above soil by______
4. Sporangia clustered in______on______
Kinds of sporangia______
Kinds of spores______
Spore release______
____spores are vectored by______
Selaginella gametophyte features
1. Male thallus is______composed of an______
Sperm release is by______
2. Female thallus location______
Anchorage______
Nutritional Mode______and source______
3. Embryo has a stalk called a______
4. Embryo + gametophyte + spore wall ≈ “______”
5. A heterosporous close relative is______
Cycads
Ovule = ______in_____
That the ovule is exposed makes for a______
Cycad sporophyte features
1. Leaf is ______because______
Veination in the leaflet is______
2. Stem______
3. Root anchorage______
Root endosymbiont______
4. Strobili called ______on______plants
5. M-sporangia called ______in______on______
6. µ-sporangia in groups on______
µ-sporangiate cone sheds______
These are known as ______vectored by______
Destination is ______of ______
Cycad µ-gametophyte features
1. Tube cell______
2. Sperm are______
Cycad M-gametophyte features
- Surrounded by ______and______
- Thallus is______
- Archegonium______
Cycad Seed Features______
Embryo includes a crushed______
Ginkgo
Ginkgo sporophyte features
1. Leaf is ______with a______shape
Veination in the blade is______
First-year leaves have characteristic______
2. Stem is______with______growth
Stem has both______and______shoots
3. Root anchorage______
4. µ-strobili is a ______cone shedding______
5. M-strobilus is reduced to just two______
In the end of each is an opening called a______
The ______captures the______vectored by_____.
Ginkgo Sperm are______
Ginkgo M-gametophyte features
- Surrounded by ______and______
- Thallus is______
- Archegonium______
- Syngamy occurs ______
- Zygote becomes an ______with______phyllotaxis
Ginkgo Seed Coat fleshy______produces______
Stony layer of seed coat contains______,______,_____
The storage tissue is the______.
Insert syngamy gymnocones page here
Insert seed formation gymnocone page here
Flower Structure
How do the terms……relate to this diagram?
Pistil______
Superior______
Perfect______
Complete______
Monoecious______
Pollination______
Pollen Tube Growth______
Syngamy______
Embryo______
Seed______
Fruit______
Pollen Grain (provide both name and function)
Embryo Sac (provide both name and function)
Aftermath of Syngamy:
After syngamy these disintegrate ______
After syngamy these flower parts may abscise______
After syngamy the egg is called a ______which divides by ______to become an______.
After syngamy the central cell is called the ______which
divides by ______to become the______.
After syngamy the integument and nucellus become the ______.
After these changes, the ovule becomes a______.
Hormones from the ovules cause the ovary wall to become a______.
Three Fruit Classification Schemes
Origin /# Flowers
/ # Pistils / # Fruits / ExamplesComposition
/ Flower parts involved /Examples
Description
/ Name / Feature / ExamplesPlesiomorphic State / Character / Apomorphic State
floral axis
arrangement of parts
symmetry
number of parts
fusion of parts
perianth size
pollinator
gender
perianth position
ovary position
grouping of flowers
inflorescence organization
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group Version 2
Two Angiosperm Phylum Synonyms:______
Three Protoanthophyte Orders:______
Three Class-Level Group Names:______
Four Magnoliid Orders:______
Two Basal Monocot Orders:______
Crown Monocot Super Order:______
Two Basal Eudicot Orders:______
Two Major Core Eudicot Subclasses:______
Two Basal Eurosid Orders:______
Example of each Eurosid SuperOrder:______
Two Basal Euasterid Orders:______
Example of each Euasterid SubOrder:______