BY 124 SI 10/01/15

The clade or phylogeny tree is the tree Dr. Raut uses in class in order to organize the invertebrates. Notice the two breaks labeled Eumetazoa and Bilateria. Be able to recognize what and where these breaks are and what Phyla are the result or are included in each break.

What should you know about sponges?

They’re basal animals that lack true tissues

Sponges are known as ______feeders. The large cavity in the middle of sponges that collects water through ______is called the ______. Used or metabolized water is then sent out the main, large opening of the sponge called the ______. ______or collar cells are the principal, feeding cells, which phagocytosize food particles, of the sponges that line the inside of the spongocoel cavity. ______are mobile, differentiating cells which lend to the growth and development of the sponge. Because they can differentiate, amoebocytes are technically the reproductive cells of the sponge, producing both sperm and eggs, which makes the sponge a ______. The ______is a jelly-like layer between the epidermis (skin or outer cover of sponge) and the choanocytes.

Suspension; pores; spongocoel; osculum; choanocytes; amoebocytes; hermaphrodite; mesohyl

Which Phyla was the first to have true tissue? What are its classes?

Phylum Cnidaria: Classes Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Cubozoa, and Anthozoa

These animals will have a ______body symmetry with only 2 germ layers, making them ______. Because cnidarians are both sessile and motile, they have develop two forms to adapt to both lifestyles; the ______body form is for a sessile life, and the ______body form is for a motile life. Class ______has a life cycle that contains BOTH forms, where the medusa form is only used for reproductive purposes. Cnidarians have a basic body plan with a central digestive compartment called the ______. How many openings does a Cnidarian have? The simplest form of a nervous system that these organisms possess is ______, which are a very simple arrangement of neurons that respond to stimuli. Phylum Cnidaria’s characteristic cells are called ______, fittingly. They are usually found on the tentacles of Cnidaria and contain a barb-like structure, which jumps out when touched by external stimulus, called a ______.

Radial, diploplastic, polyp, medusa, Hydrozoa, gastrovascular cavity; 1; nerve nets; cnidocytes; nematocysts

______is a type of freshwater cnidarian in class Hydrazoa that only exists in polyp form and reproduces by ______. Other Hydrazoans will, however, produce medusa buds from their dominant hydra form in order to reproduce. These medusas will produce sperm and eggs which will combine to create a zygote. The Hydrazoan larva is also called a ______. It can move unlike its adult form.

Hydra; budding; Planula.

What’s the common name for Class Scyphozoa? Cubazoa?

Jellies, box jellies

Class ______only exists in polyp form.

Anthozoa

The next group of organisms discussed was the ones after the bilateral symmetry break (they are now triploblastic now as well). These include the two “groups” or clades ______and ______. The Lophotrochozoans begin to show a digestive tract with _____ openings. All lophotrochozoans, at some time in their life cycle, will show a presence of a ______, which is a crown of ciliated tentacles, and all lophotrochozoans will go through a ______stage.

Lophotrochozoa; ecdysozoa; 2; lophophore; trochophore larva

What Phyla are included in the Lophotrochozoan clade?

Phylum Platyhelminthes, Rotifera, Lophophorates, Mollusca, and Annelida

Phylum Platyhelminthes are the only phylum that are ______or have no coelom. Because they are still very primal, they only possess one opening with a gastrovascular cavity. ______are the first sign of an excretory system in animals in order to get rid of waste fluids. ______are the types of cells found in these protonephridia. Phylum Platyhelminthes divide into two types: catenulida (chain worms) and rhabditophora (more diverse and include free-living and parasitic species). The ______is a type of lab organism and free-living rhabditophoran that exhibits very simple forms of learning because of the development of ganglia and ventral nerve cords.

Acoelomates; protonephridia; flame cells; planaria

Parasitic rhabditophorans include two classes: ______and ______(flukes and tapeworms). Fluke life cycles are typically complex and include several hosts. Tapeworm’s head is called ______. In order to reproduce, tapeworms have packets of reproductive structures all over the length of the body called ______.

Trematoda; cestoda; scolex; proglottids

Phylum Rotifera, or the wheel animals, are ______or have a “fake” body cavity. They are small but still multicellular and have organ systems. Rotifers can reproduce through ______or virgin birth.

Pseudocoelomates; parthenogenesis

Phylum Lophophorate include the ______and the ______. They all have true coeloms and adult forms have lophophores in order to feed.

Ectoprocts; Brachiopods

Phylum Mollusca includes 4 major classes: ______(chitons), ______(snails and slugs), ______(clams, oysters, scallops, etc.), and ______(squids, octopi, cuttlefish, and chambered nautiluses). All have true coeloms.

Polyplacochora, Gastropoda, Bivalvia, Cephalopoda

According to class, the mollusks have three main body sections: the ______(comprised of all internal organs), the ______(tissue that drapes over the visceral mass and can excrete a shell), and the ______(to move). They also usually have ______to order to scrape food into their mouths.

Visceral mass, mantle, foot, radula

Chitons have visually ______shells, but they are NOT segmented animals.

Segmented

Gastropoda characteristically displays ______or a 180-degree twist for the organism’s visceral mass during development.

torsion

Bivalves are ______feeders. They use ______siphons to suck in water and ______siphons to excrete water (sometimes done to move).

Suspension, incurrent, excurrent,

Cephalopods characteristically have ______, which make them very smart creatures. They also exhibit reduced shells (Except nautlilus).

Heads

Phylum Annelida are coelomates and are ______, or have their bodies composed of a series of fused rings. What are the two classes?

Segmented; polychaeta and Oligochaeta

Class Polychaeta are generally marine worms and characteristically have ______. These parapodia function in ______and movement.

Parapodia; gas exchange

Class Oligochaeta include the earthworms and leeches. ______are the earthworm’s excretory system. The ______is a non-segmented and thickened section of the body in which the eggs are deposited. The ______is where food is stored and held and the ______is where the food is processed. They have a closed circulatory system with blood vessels in each segment.

Metanephridia; clitellum; crop; gizzard

Leeches contain a chemical called ______, which acts as an anti-coagulant.

hirudin

What did TBT or tributyltin do (found in ship paint)?

Stopped enzyme aromatase from converting testosterone to estradiol.