1. The Nature of Science(pp. 11-21)
  • Science is the use of evidence to construct testable explanations and predictions of natural phenomena, as well as the knowledge generated through this process.
  • Science only answers questions that are testable by a process called scientific inquiry- the planned and deliberate investigation of the natural world.
  1. LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS

There are a variety of ways to conduct a laboratory investigation depending on the desired outcome.

  1. Comparative-
  2. A comparison of 2 or more things
  1. Descriptive-
  2. Observational lab; includes two types of data
  3. Quantitative: involve numbers, measurements, quantities
  4. Qualitative: descriptions information is obtained
  1. Experimental-
  2. Designed experiment that follows the scientific method
  3. Clearly defined control and test group
  1. THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD (pp. 15-19)
  • misleading because it is process not reserved for biologist and other scientists
  • also is it not a methodical set of steps to be followed in a specific order
  • it is an organized pattern of thinking to solve everyday problems
  • it is problem-solving technique that involves:

  1. The Experiment:
  2. Control Group: is a setup used for comparison
  3. Experimental Group: the group exposed to the factor being tested
  4. Variable- factor changed by the experimenter. Only one factor should be changed at a time.
  5. Independent (Manipulated) Variable-The factor used to test the hypothesis; it might affect the outcome of the experiment.
  6. Dependent (Responding )Variable: it results from or depends on changes to the independent variable.
  7. Constant: Factors that remains fixed during an experiment while the independent and dependent variables changes.
  1. Collecting Data- Information gained from observations
  2. Qualitative- data that are descriptions of what our senses detect
  3. Quantitative- data collected as numbers
  • Graphs used as visual representation of result
  1. Circle Graph-used to show relationship of a part to a whole
  1. Bar graph- Used when independent variable isn’t continuous
  1. Line graph- Used when independent variable is continuous
  2. Manipulated variable is plotted on the X axis
  3. Responding variable is plotted on the Y axis
  1. Data Analysis
  2. After collecting data, analyze the data and form conclusions based on the following questions
  3. Do the results support or refute the hypothesis?
  4. Is more data needed?
  5. Are different procedures needed?
  6. Is the experimental set-up valid?
  7. Was there a large enough sample size?
  8. Were the sources of errors minimized?
  9. Was there only one variable tested?
  10. Is the experiment repeatable?
  1. Conclusion
  2. Scientists report their findings and conclusions in scientific journals.
  1. Scientific Theory
  2. An explanation of natural or physical phenomenon supported by many observations and experiments over time.
  3. Tested by multiple independent researchers.
  4. Complex explanations and have been supported by years of scientific research
  5. They are considered valid until new areas of study are developed or until new technologies are developed and new evidence is found.
  1. Scientific Law
  2. Describes relationships under certain conditions in nature.
  3. Ex: Law of conservation of matter- before and after a chemical change the same amount of matter exists. The law does not explain why, it describes the relationship between matter before and after the change
  4. Describes relationships under certain conditions in nature, but DOES NOT explain them
  5. Theories do not become laws and laws do not become theories
  1. Scientific Theory vs. Hypothesis
  2. When a hypothesis is tested many times and the explanation is durable, the hypothesis can be incorporated into a theory.
  3. A Scientific Theory is a well-established and highly reliable explanation

II. INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY (pp.4-10)

A. What is Biology?

Biology means the study of life.

Biology is the science that seeks to understand the living world.

B. Characteristics of Life-all living things share the following characteristics:

1.Living things are made of Cells.

a. A cellis thesmallest working unit of life.

  1. Living organisms are grouped by the number of cells:

* Unicellular – single-celled organisms; ex. Bacteria, amoebas

* Multicellular – organisms made up of more than one cell; ex. Humans, frogs, fish, insects, plants

2.Living things Displays Organization

  1. A cell is a collection of organized structures that carries on life functions
  2. All living structures are composed of atoms and molecules.
  3. In multicellular organisms
  4. Specialized cells are organized into groups that work together called tissues.
  5. Tissues are organized into organs,
  6. Organ systems work together to support an organism

3.Living things Grow & Develop

  1. Growth- all living things grow at least part of their lives, single-celled organism simple increase in size
  2. Development- describes physical changes that take place during the lifetime of an organism

4.Living things Reproduce

  1. Not essential for individual organisms, but essential for the species
  2. Species- group of organisms that can breed with one another and produce fertile offspring
  3. Two ways:
  4. Asexual- new organism has a single parent; example- single-celled organism splits in half

NO EXCHANGE OF GENETIC MATERIAL

  1. sexual- two cells ( egg & sperm) from different parents unit to form an embryo

There IS AN EXCHANGE OF GENETIC MATERIAL

5.Living things Respond to Stimuli

  1. External stimulus- includes all things that are OUTSIDE the organism. Ex: temperature, light
  2. Internal stimulus- all things that are INSIDE the organism. Ex: hunger, thirst

6.Living things Require Energy

  1. two main ways to obtain energy
  2. Photosynthesis- energy from the sun. Plants, some bacteria & protist use this process
  3. Consumer- energy from the food they eat. Us, other animals & fungi
  4. All organisms use energy for metabolism- chemical reactions which builds up or breaks down materials as it carries out its life processes.

7.Living things Maintain Homeostasis

  1. process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

8.Adaptations Evolve over time

  1. Adaptations are inherited changes that occur over time that help the species survive and pass their genes to their offspring.
  1. Biochemistry(pp. 148-157)
  1. Hierarchy of Life-
  2. Atom - Smallest unit of matter that retains its elemental properties
  3. Molecule- Groups of atoms bonded together
  4. Cell- Smallest working unit of life
  5. Organism - Individual living thing; depending on the complexity, an organism may be composed of
  6. Tissue - groups of cells working together
  7. Organ– groups of tissues working together
  8. Organ system- groups of organs working together
  9. Population - Group of organisms of one species in one area
  10. Community - Different populations that live together in a specific area
  11. Ecosystem- A community and its non-living components
  12. Biosphere– Earth
  1. THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE

Organisms are composed of matter, which is anything that takes up space and has mass. All matter is composed of elements, pure substances that consists entirely of one type of atom.

  1. Atoms- made up of the following
  2. Nucleus

a)Center of an atom

b)Protons have a positive charge

c)neutrons are neutral

  1. Electron cloud/orbital

a)space surrounding nucleus

b)electrons in constant motion in this space

c)electrons have a negative charge; therefore attracted to the + charged nucleus

  1. Charge of Atoms- Have equal # of protons & electron so they are neutral
  1. Elements
  2. 92 naturally occurring elements
  3. 25 essential to life
  4. 4 making up 96% of living matter: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
  5. atomic # = # of protons that element contains.
  1. Compounds
  2. elements combined in fixed ratios of atoms form compounds
  3. held together by chemical bonds
  4. Chemical formula

a)shorthand to show elements in a compound

  1. Chemical Equation

a)recipe for making a compound

b)Reactants- what goes into the reaction

c)Products- substance that is formed

  1. Chemical Bonds(pp. 152-153)
  2. involves the valence electrons, what would be the outermost electrons
  3. Ionic Bonds

a)one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

b)results in 2 oppositely charged particles called IONS

  • an atom that gains electrons has a negative charge
  • an atom that losses electrons has a positive charge

c)attraction between oppositely charged ions forms ionic bonds

  1. Covalent Bonds

a)electrons are being shared

b)results in very stable compounds called MOLECULES

  1. Water & Solutions (161-165)

Water is the most essential and abundant substance on Earth. Cells are made up of mostly water and most cells are surrounded by water. The importance of water is largely due to its unique characteristics, which all directly relate to one very important property of water . . . Water is polar.

  1. Polarity- label the picture to the left
  2. unequal sharing of electrons in molecules formed with covalent bonds
  3. How this works:
  4. oxygen has 8 protons in nucleus & each hydrogen has 1 proton in their nucleus
  5. 10 shared electrons will be more attracted to the more positively charged oxygen nucleus; thus orbiting around the oxygen end of the molecule just about all the time
  6. The oxygen end will have a slightly negative charge
  7. The hydrogen ends will have a slightly positive charge
  8. Not true charges because the electrons are not transferred; just shared unequally
  1. Hydrogen “Bonds”
  2. not a true bond- does not form a new compound
  3. attraction between two polar molecules; like water
  4. attraction between slightly positively charged hydrogen end of one polar molecule and the slightly negatively charged end of another polar molecule
  5. in water : forms between positively charged H end of one water molecule and the negative end of another water molecule
  6. Label & Fill in the H bond on the picture to the left
  1. Properties of WaterPolarity give water unique properties important in maintaining homeostasis in organisms
  2. Cohesion or Surface tension
  3. Attraction between molecules of the same substance; water molecules stick together
  1. Adhesion or Capillary action
  2. attraction between molecules of different substances; water sticks to other surfaces
  1. Universal Solvent
  2. slightly charged ends of water attract and separate atoms of other compounds; dissolving them
  3. anything dissolved in water is called a solution
  4. many important substances in cells are in solution
  1. High heat of vaporization
  2. takes a lot of heat energy to evaporate a small amount of water
  1. High specific heat
  2. water absorbs heat energy without its temperature rising much
  1. Expansion on Freezing
  2. ice less dense than water; ice floats