Thefollowingisanon-Exhaustivelistofphrasalverbsusedinlegalenglishtogether with Examples

PhrasalVerbsUsedinLegalEnglish

Thefollowingisanon-exhaustivelistofphrasalverbsusedinlegalEnglishtogether with examples of usage.

Abideby means toaccept a decision, alaw or anagreementand obeyit. For example,

„thepartiesmustabidebythetermsoftheagreement‟.

Accedetomeanstoagreetoorallowsomethingthatsomeonehasaskedfor,afteryou haveopposeditforawhile.Forexample,„thecompanyeventuallyaccededto repeatedrequestsforapricereduction‟.

Accountformeans:(1)toexplainhoworwhysomethinghappened.Forexample,

„howdoyouaccountforthefactthatthegoodsweredeliveredlate?‟(2)Tobea particularpartofsomething.Forexample,„computersalesaccountfor50%ofthe company‟sprofits‟.(3) Tokeeparecordofhowthemoneyinyourcare willbespent orhasbeenspent.Forexample,„everycentinthefundhasbeenaccountedfor‟.(4) Toconsiderparticularfactsorcircumstanceswhenyouaremakingadecisionabout something.Forexample,„thecostsofpossiblelitigationwereaccountedforwhen calculatingtheamountofmoneytobesetaside‟.

Accounttomeanstomakeapaymenttosomeonetogetherwithanitemised breakdownshowinghowthepaymentiscalculated.Forexample,„thelawyer accountedtoher clientin respectofthedamagesreceivedasaresultofthelitigation‟.

Adheretomeanstoactinthewaythataparticularlaw,rule,agreementorsetof instructionssaysthatyou should. Forexample, „thepartieshaveadheredstrictlytothe termsoftheagreement‟.

Amounttomeans:(1)toadduptosomethingorresultinafinaltotalofsomething. Forexample,„theoverallcostsamountedtowellover€50,000‟.(2)Tobeequaltoor thesameassomething.Forexample,„whattheydidamountedtoabreachof contract‟.

Appertainto(or„pertainto‟)meanstobelongtosomethingorbeconnectedwith something.Forexample,„thedutiesappertainingtothisposition‟.

Breakdownmeans:(1)toseparateintodifferentpartstomakesomethingeasierto discuss,analyseordealwith.Forexample,„thefiguresbreakdownasfollows…‟(2) Tofail.Forexample,„negotiationsbetweenthepartieshavebrokendown‟.

Breakoffmeans:(1)tostopspeakingortostopdoingsomethingbeforeyouhave finished.Forexample,„wehadtobreakoffthemeeting‟.(2)Toseparatesomething fromsomethingelseusingforce,orforsomethingtobecomeseparatedinthisway. Forexample,„thehandleofthecupjustbrokeoff‟.

Breakupmeans:(1)thesplittingupofacompanyoranorganisationintosmaller parts.Forexample,„thecompanywasbrokenupintosmallerconcerns‟.(2)The splittingupofagroupofpeople.Forexample,„theconferencebrokeupinto discussiongroups‟.

Callinmeans:(1)torequestthereturnofsomething.Forexample,„thebankhas decidedtocallintheloan‟.(2)Tovisitaplaceorpersonforashorttime.For example,„hecalledinattheofficebefore goingtocourtthismorning‟.(3)To

telephoneyouroffice.Forexample,„doyoumindifIuseyourphone?Ijustwantto callinandtellmyassistantI‟mrunninglate‟.

Carryonmeanstocontinuesomething.Forexample,„thecompanycarrieson businessasagardenfurnitureretailer‟.

Carryoutmeanstodosomethingthatyousaidyouwoulddoorthatyouhavebeen askedtodo.Forexample,„thelawyercarriedouthisclient‟sinstructionscarefully‟.

Changeovermeanstostopusingonesystemorthingandstartusinganother.For example,„TheGreekshavechangedovertotheeuro‟.

Consistinmeanstohavesomethingasitsmainoronlyfeature.Forexample,„thestrengthofthisfirmconsistsinits experiencedlitigationdepartment‟.

Consistofmeanstobeformedfromthepeopleorthingsmentioned.Forexample,

„theteamconsistsofanumberofspecialistsindifferentareas.‟

Coverupmeanstotryhardtostoppeoplefindingoutaboutamistake,acrimeorthe truestateofaffairs.Forexample,„thecompanyattemptedtocoverupitstrading lossesbyfalsifyingitsaccounts‟.

Dealinmeanstodobusiness,tomakemoneybybuyingandsellingaparticular productorkindof goods.Forexample,„thecompanydealsincomputerhardware‟.

Dealwithmeans:(1)todobusinessregularlywithapersonororganisation.For example,„weonlydealwithreputablesuppliers‟.(2)Totalktoapersonor organisationinordertoreachanagreementorsettleadispute.Forexample,„Iliketo dealwithpeopleIknowIcantrust‟.(3)Tosolveaproblemorcarryoutatask.For example,„mylawyersdealtwiththecompanysaleveryefficiently‟.(3)Tobeabout something.Forexample,„this article dealswiththeissues raisedby contractual waivers‟.(4)Tolookafter,talktoorcontrolpeopleinanappropriateway.For example,„wesometimeshavetodealwithverydifficultpeopleinthisjob‟.(5)To takeappropriateactioninaparticularsituation.For example, „couldyoudealwiththis complaint?‟

Departfrommeanstobehavein awaythat isdifferent fromwhat isusualor expected.Forexample,„wehavedepartedfromusualpracticeduetotheexceptional circumstancesofthecase‟.

Disposeofmeans:(1) to getridoforsellsomethingthatisnotrequired.Forexample,

„thecompanydisposedofmanyofitsassets‟.(2)Tosuccessfullydealwithorfinish withaproblem.Forexample,„thereremainsonlythequestionoffundingtodispose of‟.

Drawupmeans:(1)tomakeorwritesomethingthatneedscarefulplanning.For example,„mylawyerswilldrawupthecontract‟.(2)Tobringsomethingnearerto somethingelse.Forexample,„shedrewupanotherchairinordertoparticipatemore easilyinthe discussion‟. (3) To cometoa stop.For example, „the car drew upoutside theoffice‟.

Drawupon/onmeanstousesomethingthatyouhaveorthatisavailabletohelpyou dosomething.Forexample,„thecompanywilldrawuponitsreservesofcapitalto financethedeal‟.

Engageinmeanstobeinvolvedinsomething,totakepartinsomethingortobebusy doingsomething.Forexample,„thiscompanyisengagedinthemanufactureofsteel tubes‟.

Enlargeon/uponmeanstosayorwritemoreaboutsomethingyouhavementioned. Forexample,„Wouldyoucaretoenlargeonthatpoint?‟

Enterintomeans:(1)tobeginorbecomeinvolvedinaformalagreement.For example,„thepartiesenteredintoanagreementrelatingtoasharesale‟.(2)Tobegin todiscussordealwithsomething.Forexample,„thecompanyagreedtoenterinto negotiations‟.

Entitle to means togivearightto haveordosomething.For example,„theparties are entitledtoassignthebenefitoftheagreementongivingnoticeinwriting‟.

Factorinmeanstoincludeaparticularfactorsituationwhenyouarecalculating somethingorthinkingaboutorplanningsomething.Forexample,„youmustfactorin labourcostswhencalculatingthecostoftherepairs‟.

Fileawaymeanstoputpapers,documentsetcawayinaplacewhereyoucanfind themeasily.Forexample,„Ifiledthepapersawayinthedrawer‟.

Geartomeanstomakeorchangesomethingsothatitissuitableforaparticularneed or anappropriate levelorstandard.Forexample, „it is vitalthat wegear ourservice to ourclients‟needs‟.

Gearupmeanstobeprepared,readyandabletodosomethingortobecomeormake readyandabletodosomething.Forexample,„thefirmmustgearitselfuptobeable tocopewiththeselargecorporatetransactions‟.

Handdownmeans:(1)togiveorleavesomethingtoayoungerpersonortopass fromonegenerationtoanotherasaninheritance.Forexample,„thishousehasbeen handeddownfromgenerationtogeneration‟.(2)Toannounceanofficialdecision (particularlyofacourtoflaw). Forexample,„thejudgehandeddownasentence‟.

Hand overmeans: (1)togive somebodyelseyourposition ofpower orauthorityor to givesomebodyelsetheresponsibilityfordealingwithaparticularsituation.For example,„hehandedoverthepositiontohisdeputywhenheretired‟.(2)Togive someoneelseaturntospeakwhen youhavefinishedtalking. Forexample,„I‟dliketo handovernowtoourguestspeaker‟.

Limittomeanstomakesomething existorhappenonlyinaparticularplace,withina particulargrouporforaparticularpurpose.Forexample,„limitedtoindustrialuse‟.

Objecttomeanstosaythatyoudisagreewith,disapproveoforopposesomething. Forexample,„weobjecttofurtherchangesbeingmadetotheagreement‟.

Optformeanstochoosesomethingormakeadecisionaboutsomething.For example,„manyclientsnowoptforthisservice‟.

Optinmeanstochoosetotakepartinsomething.Forexample,„allstaffmembers havethe chancetooptintoapensionplanoffered bythe company‟.

Optoutmeanstochoosenottotakepartinsomething.Forexample,„veryfewstaff membershaveoptedoutofthecompanypensionplan‟.

Passoffmeans:(1)topretendthatsomethingorsomebodyissomethingthattheyare not.Forexample,„thecompanytriedtopassofftheircopiedproductasthereal thing‟.(2)Ifaneventpassesoffinaparticularway,ittakesplaceandisfinishedin thatway.Forexample,„themeetingpassedoffwithoutanytrouble‟.

Passupmeanstodecidenottotakeadvantageofanopportunity,offeretc.For example,„thecompanypasseduptheopportunitytosubmitatenderfortheproject‟.

Pencilinmeanstowritesomeone‟snameforanappointment,orthedetailsofan arrangement,althoughyouknowthatthismighthavetobechangedlater.For example,„I‟vepencilledinthefifthofJuneforthemeeting‟.

Pointoutmeans:(1)toshowsomebodywhichpersonorthingyouarereferringto. Forexample,„I‟llpointoutthecourtbuildingwhenwearrive‟.(2)Tomention somethinginordertogivesomebodyinformationaboutitormakethemnoticeit.For example,„Ipointedoutoneortwotypingerrorsinthedocument‟.

Pressformeanstomakerepeatedandurgentrequestsforsomething.Forexample,

„let‟spressforafinalagreementtoday‟.

Pressonmeanstocontinuemovingforwardquicklyortocontinuetodoataskina determinedway.Forexample,„thecompanypressedonwithitsplanstoexpandinto newmarkets‟.

Proceedagainstmeanstostartacourtcaseagainstsomebody.Forexample,„my clientisentitledtoproceedagainstthemanufacturerandtheretailer‟.

Proceedfrommeanstobecausedbyorbetheresultofsomething.Forexample,„thedisputeproceededfromamisunderstandingbetweentheparties‟.

Provideagainstmeanstomakeplansinordertodealwithorpreventabador unpleasantsituation.Forexample,„theinsurancepolicyprovidesagainst lossof income‟.

Provideformeans:(1)tomakeplansorarrangementstodealwithsomethingthat mayhappeninthefuture.Forexample,„thecontractprovidesforassignmentunder certaincircumstances‟.(2)Togivesomebodythethingsthattheyneedtolive.For example,„thefamilyhasthreechildrentoprovidefor‟.

Putacrossmeanstocommunicateyourideas,feelingetctosomebodyclearlyand successfully.Forexample,„heputacrosshisthoughtsclearlyandforcefullytothe audience‟.

Putbackmeans:(1)toreturnsomethingtoitsusualplace.Forexample,„heputthe papersbackinthefile‟.(2)Tomovesomethingtoalatertimeordate.Forexample,

„themeetinghasbeen putbackto11July‟. (3)Tocause somethingtobe delayed.For example,„thestrikehasputbackourdeliveriesbyafortnight‟.

Putdownmeans:(1)topay partofthecostofsomething.Forexample,„Ihadtoput downadepositonthepurchaseoftheproperty‟.(2)Tocriticisesomebodyandmake themfeelstupid,especiallyinfrontofotherpeople.Forexample,„she‟salways puttingotherpeopledown‟.(3)Toplacesomethingonthefloororonasurface.For example,„putyourpaperdownaminuteandcomeandgivemeahandwiththis‟.(4) Towritesomethingdownormakenotesaboutsomething.Forexample,„I‟veput downafewideaswhichwecandiscussduringourmeeting‟.(5)Tokillananimal

becauseitisoldorsick.Forexample,„wehadtohavethehorseputdownbecauseit wasbadlyinjuredinanaccident‟.

Putforwardmeans:(1)tosuggestanideaorplansothatitcanbediscussed.For example,„anideaputforwardduringthemeeting‟.(2)Tosuggestsomebodyasa candidateforajoborposition.Forexample,„threepeopleputthemselvesforwardas candidates‟.(3)Tomovesomethingtoanearliertimeordate.Forexample,„themeeting‟sbeenputforwardafewhours‟.

Putinmeans:(1)tocontributemoneytosomethingorpaymoneyintoabank.For example,„heputin€20,000ofhisownmoneyintothebusiness‟.(2)Tocontribute timeorefforttosomething.Forexample,„sheputinalotofhoursonthatcase‟.(3) Tomakeanofficialrequestorclaim.Forexample,„I‟veputinarequestforapay rise‟.(4)Toincludesomethinginaletterordocument.Forexample,„youshouldput inaparagraphexplainingtheindemnityprovisionstotheclient‟.

Putoffmeanstocancelordelaysomething.Forexample,„we‟llhavetoputoff discussionofthatissueuntilournextmeeting‟.

Reckononmeanstorelyonsomethinghappening.Forexample,„wereckonon makingaprofitof€200,000‟.

Reckonupmeanstoaddfiguresornumberstogether.Forexample,„thetotalcomes to€200ifI‟vereckoneditupcorrectly‟.

Refertomeans:(1)tomentionortalkaboutsomebodyorsomething.Forexample,

„pleaserefertoparagraph7‟.(2)Todescribeorbeconnectedtosomething.For example, „paragraph 7 refers tothequestion ofindemnities‟. (3)Tolookatsomething forinformation.Forexample,„I‟llrefertothetextbooktoseeifparagraph7willbe valid‟.(4)Tosendsomebodyorsomethingtoadifferentplaceorpersontogethelp, adviceoradecision.Forexample,„thecasewasreferredtoarbitration‟.

Reportto:ifyoureporttosomeoneinacompanyororganisation,thatpersonis responsibleforyourworkandtellsyouwhattodo.Forexample,„Ireportdirectlyto theseniorpartnerofthefirm‟.

Resorttomeanstomakeuseofsomething,especiallysomethingbadorunpleasant, asawayofachievingsomething,oftenbecausenoothercourseofactionispossible. Forexample,„heresortedtothreatsinordertoobtaintheiragreement‟.

Restonmeans:(1)todependonsomething.Forexample,„ourchancesofwinning thiscontractdependsolelyonprice‟.(2)Tobebasedonsomething. Forexample,„her argumentseemedtorestonanincorrectassumption‟.

Restwithmeanstobesomeone‟sresponsibility.Forexample,„thefinaldecisionrests withtheclient‟.

Resultinmeanstohaveaparticulareffect.Forexample,„thepresentationofthenew evidenceresultedinuswinningthecase‟.

Revert tomeans:(1)(ofland orproperty)to return legallyto theowner.For example,

„afterhisdeaththe house revertedtothe originalowner‟.(2) To gobacktoaprevious conditionoractivity.Forexample,„werevertedtoouroldmethods‟.(3)Tostart talkingorthinkingagainaboutasubjectbeingconsideredearlier.Forexample,„toreverttothequestionofdeliveryofthe goods‟.

Roughoutmeanstodraworwritethemainpartsofsomethingwithoutincludingall thedetails.Forexample,„I‟veroughedoutthebasisofthedealonthebackofan envelope‟.

Rulein:ifsomebodyrulessomethingin,theydecidethatitispossibleorthatitcan orshouldhappenorbeincluded. Forexample,„thejudgeruledinthedisputed evidence‟.

Ruleout:(1)ifsomebodyrulessomebodyout,thismeansthattheydecideitisnot possibleforthatpersontodosomethingortohavedonesomething.Forexample,„I thinkwecanruleoutLindenasapossiblecandidate‟.(2)Ifsomebodyrules somethingout,thismeansthatitisnotpossibleorthatitcannotorshouldnothappen. Forexample,„IthinkwecanruleouttryingtosetupanofficeinShanghaiatthis stage‟.

Serveupon/onmeanstogiveorsendsomebodyanofficialdocument,especiallyone thatordersthemtoappearatcourt.Forexample,„thecourtservedasummonsupon thecompany‟.

Setdownmeans:(1)toplaceanobjectdownonasurface.Forexample,„hesetthe traydownonthetable‟.(2)Towritesomethingdownonpaperinordertorecordit. Forexample,„Ihavesetdownmythoughtsonthisquestioninthepaperyouhavein frontofyou‟.(3)Togivesomethingasaruleorguideline.Forexample,„thisfirm mustsetdownclearguidelinesaboutwhatprocedurestofollowifaclientmakesa complaint‟.

Setforthmeanstostatesomethingclearlyormakesomethingknown.Forexample,

„thepositionissetforthinparagraph7ofthecontract‟.

Setupmeans:(1)tomakesomethingreadyforuse.Forexample,„wesetupthe conferenceroombeforethemeeting‟.(2)Toprovidesomeonewiththemoneythey needtostartabusiness,buyahomeetc.Forexample,„hisunclehelpedsethimupin business‟.(3)Tocreatesomethingorstartabusiness.Forexample,„settingupa businessisnoteasy‟.(4)Totricksomeone,especiallybymakingthemappeartobe guiltyofsomethingtheyhave notdone.Forexample, „abusinessrivalsetme up‟.(5) Tomakesomeonefeelhealthier,stronger,moreactiveetc.Forexample,„acupof coffeeinthemorninghelpssetmeupfortheday‟.(6)Toarrangeororganise something.Forexample,„wesetupameetingfor10amtomorrow‟.

Settleupmeanstopaythemoneyyouowe.Forexample,„weneedtosettleupwith themforthehireofthemachinery‟.

Siftthroughmeanstocarefullyexaminealargeamountofsomethinginordertofind something importantordecidewhatisusefulandwhatisnot.Forexample,„wesifted throughtheevidencelookingforweaknessesintheircase‟.

Skimthroughmeanstoreadsomethingveryquicklyinordertogetageneral impressionorfindaparticularpoint.Forexample,„thelawyerskimmedquickly throughthereport‟.

Speakformeanstostatethewishesorviewsofsomeoneortoactasarepresentative forsomeone.Forexample,„IspeakforeveryonewhenIsay thatthisconferencehas beenveryusefulandinteresting‟.

Speakoutmeanstosaywhatyouthinkclearlyandpublicly,oftencriticisingor opposingothersinawaythatneedscourage.Forexample,„shespokeoutagainstthe harshtreatmenttheyhadsuffered‟.

Strikeoffmeanstoremovesomeone‟snamefromthelistofmembersofaprofession sothattheycannolongerworkinthatprofession.Forexample,„theattorneywas struckoffafterbeingconvictedofacriminaloffence‟.

Strikeoutmeans:(1)theremovalbyajudgeorthecourtofacasebeforethatcourt. Forexample,„thejudgeorderedthatthecasebestruckoutasanabuseofprocess‟.(2) Toremovesomethingfromatextbydrawingalinethroughit.Forexample,„You shouldstrikeoutallunnecessarywordsinthetext‟.(3)Tostartbeingindependentand dosomethingnew.Forexample,„heleftthefirmandstruckoutonhisown‟.(4)To aimaviolentblowatsomebody. Forexample,„hestruckoutwithhisfist‟.

Subjectto means:(1)dependenton. Forexample, „weagreesubject to several conditions‟.(2)Tomakesomebodyorsomethingexperienceorbeaffectedby something,usuallysomethingunpleasant.Forexample,„the productsaresubjectedto rigoroustests‟.

Subscribetomeanstoagreewithanopinion,theoryetc.Forexample,„Idon‟tsubscribetothatpointofviewI‟mafraid‟.

Substituteformeanstotaketheplaceofsomebodyorsomethingelse.Forexample,

„thereisnosubstituteforgoodlegaladvice‟.

Sueformeanstoformallyaskforsomethinginacourtoflaw.Forexample,„thecompanysuedfordamages‟.

Sumupmeans:(1) to givethemainpointsofsomethinginafewwords.For example,„tosumup,therearethreemainpointstoremember‟.(2)Thesumming-up is thespeech madebyajudgeto thejuryneartheend ofatrial,givingthemain points ofthe evidence and thearguments in thecase.

Takeovermeans:(1)togaincontrolofacompanybybuyingitsshares(hence takeover).Forexample,„thecompanywastakenoverlastyear‟.(2)Toaffectso stronglythatoneisunabletothinkaboutordoanythingelse.Forexample,„myjobis startingtotakeovermylife‟.

Tamperwithmeanstodosomethingtosomethingwithoutpermission.Forexample,

„theagreementexpresslyprohibitsanytamperingwiththemachinery‟.

Testifytomeanstoshoworbeevidencethatsomethingistrue.Forexample,„thiscontracttestifiestoJohan‟sdraftingskills‟.

Tradedownmeans(1)tosellsomethinglargeorexpensiveandbuysomething smallerandlessexpensive.Forexample,„shesoldherRollsRoyceandtradeddown toaToyotaCorolla‟.(2)Tospendlessmoneyonthingsthanyouusedto.For example,„peoplearetradingdownandbuyingcheaperproducts‟.

Tradeinmeanstogivesomethingthatyouhaveusedtosomebodyyouarebuying somethingnewfrom as partofyourpayment.Forexample, „wetradedin our carfora lorry‟.

Tradeoffmeanstobalancetwothingsorsituationswhichareopposedtoeachother. Forexample,„weagreedtotradeoffsharinginformationagainstapricereduction‟.

Turndownmeans(1)torejectorrefusesomething.Forexample,„weturneddown theiroffer‟.(2)Toadjustthecontrolsofsomethinginordertoreducetheamountof heat, noiseetc.Forexample, „theheatingshould beturned downnowthat the weather iswarmer‟.

Weighupmeanstothinkcarefullyaboutthedifferentfactorsinvolvedinanissue beforemakingadecision.Forexample,„weweigheduptheirargumentscarefully beforeresponding‟.

Winddownmeans:(1)tobringabusinessoranactivitygraduallytoanendovera periodoftime.Forexample,„the companyiswindingdownitsresearchprogramme‟.

(2)Torelaxaftera period ofstressorexcitement. Forexample, „ittook mean hour or twotowinddownafterastressfuldayatwork‟.(3)Ifamachinewindsdown,itgoes slowlyforawhileand then stops. For example, „the clock has wound rightdown‟. (4) Tomakethewindowofacaropenandgodownwardsbyturningahandleorpressing abutton.Forexample,„shewounddownthewindowandaskedapasser-byfor directions‟.

Windupmeans(1)tobringacompanytoanendanddistributeitsassetstoits creditors.Forexample,„thecompanywaswounduplastyear‟.(2)Tobring somethingtoanend(e.g.aspeech,ameetingoradiscussion).Forexample,„let‟swindupthediscussionnow‟.(3)Todeliberatelymakesomeoneangryorannoyed. Forexample,„areyoutryingtowindmeup?‟(4)Tocloseacarwindowandmakeit goupwardsbyturningahandleorpressingabutton.Forexample,„windupthe window,Pete,it‟sgettingcoldinhere‟.(5)Tomakesomethingmechanicalworkby turningahandleseveraltimes.Forexample,„Itriedtoamusethecatbywindingup thetoymouseandlettingitrunacrossthefloor‟.

Workaroundmeanstofindawayofdoingsomethinginspiteofsituations,rulesetc thatcouldprevent youdoingit.For example,„wecan‟t getridofthisproblemsowe‟ll justhavetoworkaroundit‟.

Work outmeans:(1)tohappen or develop inaparticularway,especiallyasuccessful way.Forexample,„theplanworkedoutwell‟.(2)Tocalculate.Forexample,„I‟llworkthesumsoutlater‟.(3)Tounderstandsomething.Forexample,„Ican‟tworkout whattheirbottomlineisinthisnegotiation‟.(3)Toorganise,planorresolve somethinginasatisfactory way.Forexample,„they workedouttheirdifficulties‟.(4) Tocontinuetoworkatyourjobuntiltheendoftheperiodoftimementioned.For example,„theymadehimworkouthisnotice‟(i.e.theperiodoftimethatisofficially fixedbeforeyoucanleaveyourjob).(5)Totrainthebodybyphysicalexercise.For example,„Iworkoutthreetimesperweek‟.

Wrapupmeans:(1)tocompletesomething inasatisfactoryway.Forexample,„let‟strytowrapthingsupby5pm‟.(2)Tobesoinvolvedinapersonoractivitythatyou donotnoticewhatishappeningaroundyou.Forexample,„hewassowrappedupin watching thematchthathedidn‟tnoticemeleave‟.(3)Tocoversomethinginalayer ofpaperorothermaterial,eithertoprotectitorbecauseyouaregoingtogiveitasa gift.Forexample,„wewrappedupthepresents‟.(4)Toputonwarmclothes.For example,„wrapupwarm–it‟sfreezingoutside‟.

Writeoffmeans(1)tocanceladebtandacceptthatitwillneverbepaid.For example,„wewroteoff€10,000inunpaiddebtslastyear‟.(2)Toconsiderthat somebodyorsomethingisafailureornotimportant.Forexample,„Ithinkwecan writeoffanyhopethatthisprojectwillsucceed‟.(3)Todamageavehiclesoseverely thatitisnotworthspendingmoneyontorepair.Forexample,„that‟sthesecondcar he‟swrittenoffthisyear‟.(4)Towritetoacompanyororganisation,askingthemto sendyousomething.Forexample,„Iwroteofffortheirnewcatalogue‟.

Yield upmeans (1)to reveal somethingthathas beenhidden. Forexample, „athoroughinvestigationofthestateofthecompanyyieldedupafewinterestingfacts‟.

(2)Toallowsomebody totakesomethingthatyouownandfeelisvery importantfor you. Forexample,„hewasforcedtoyieldupsomepreciousantiquestohiscreditors‟.