The world map changes
1. The Classical Period was characterized by empire building/political boundaries of increasing size. The Postclassical period will be characterized by what two things?
2. How were religion and trade tied together?
3. What 3 world religions will spread during this period?
4. What was the primary international trade route during the Classical period?
5. What areas became the most important means of conveying international trade during the Postclassical period? (NOTE: both were around during the Classical period but they weren’t as important then and one wasn’t really “international” since one empire controlled all the land around it.)
Triggers for Change
6. What new group moved into the eastern Mediterranean after Rome fell?
7. Where did the Byzantine Empire begin to focus its attention later on?
8. How was trade connected to new and better types of technology? Cite examples of new tech and their origins.
The big Changes
9. What European region became an area of multiple religions and great creativity?
10. Here’s a common AP question: what type of religious communities did Buddhism and Christianity have in common (a difference with Hinduism and Islam).
11. What major parts of the world were NOT included in the Postclassical world trade network? (HINT: they will be in the 1450-1750 period)
12. What new parts were added to the world trade network during the Postclassical period?
13. Identify the 3 key Chinese inventions that spread westward during the Postclassical period.
14. What Indian intellectual achievement spread westward to the Middle East?
15. What else spread westward via trade routes leading to massive social disruption in the 1300s?
continuity (what stayed the same from the classical period!)
16. What stayed the same in China?
17. What stayed the same in the Middle East?
18. What stayed the same about social structures in various civilizations?
impact on daily life: women
19. What key aspect of the Postclassical period improved the condition of many women in Afro-Eurasia?
20. What did Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam all agree on about women?
21. What key aspect of the Postclassical period worsened the condition of many women in Afro-Eurasia?
22. List examples of oppression women experienced during the Postclassical period along with the societies those examples are from.
Remaining Overview Sections
NO QUESTIONS - Just be familiar with them
Using the map on page 123, show the expansion of Islam from 622-750. Use colored pencils, markers, or pencil shadings/symbols but you must include a key.
Label the following:
Mecca
Medina
Damascus
Baghdad (NOTE: Baghdad located near the old Persian city “Ctesiphon”)
Cordoba
Rome
Alexandria
Constantinople
Jerusalem
Starting with Mecca, draw an arrow to each of the succeeding capitals of Islam. (They are listed in order above.)
23. In what direction was the “center” of Islam moving?
24. How was this related to the areas of civilization?
TIMELINE
Insert the following events into the timeline. Pick up on the dates as you read them in the text or use the timeline in the overview or on page 122.
A. assassination of Uthman
B. end of Umayyad caliphate
C. Muhammad flees from Mecca to Medina
D. Abbasid caliphate begins
E. Muhammad receives first revelations
F. Umayyad caliphate begins
600 CE / 800 CEVISUALIZING THE PAST: THE MOSQUE AS A SYMBOL OF ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION
25. Read the article on page 143-144 and then identify the structure above.
26. Annotate the picture above with common features of Muslim architecture. (read!) I’ve done one for you. (NOTE: there are no minarets/thin towers on this structure but you can see them on the mosque on page 143-144 and on another famous building on page 478.)
INTRODUCTION/OVERALL
27. The manner in which the city of Alexandria (Egypt) was treated by the Muslim armies tells you what about their values?
DESERT AND TOWN: THE ARABIAN WORLD AND THE BIRTH OF ISLAM (122-127)
28. This section begins with the claim that Arabia once had great trading cities but they had fallen on hard times. It does not say what exactly happened but you know one reason. What is it? (HINT: look at the map and note where Arabia is and then remember we are starting a new period of time, the Postclassical, around 500 CE. What separates this period from the last?).
29. What people made this place their home?
30. What type of animals did they domesticate?
31. What was the importance of towns located near the water or ocean?
32. What two towns owed their existence to the bedouins?
CLAN IDENTITY, CLAN RIVALRIES, AND THE CYCLE OF VENGEANCE (123-125)
33. What was a “shaykh”?
34. How did one become a shaykh?
35. If the shaykh was at the top of the social structure who was below him and who was at the bottom?
36. Identify several causes of conflict between clans in Arabia starting with the two most important.
37. How did the bedouins’ code of honor hurt them in the long run?
TOWNS AND LONG-DISTANCE TRADE (125-126)
38. What purpose did Mecca serve? (hint: #28 above)
39. Who founded and dominated Mecca?
40. Identify this structure:
41. How did the structure shown in question 40 contribute to trade?
42. What did the town of Yathrib come to be known as later and who fought over it?
MARRIAGE AND FAMILY IN PRE-ISLAMIC ARABIA (126)
43. Compare the status of women in pre-Islamic Arabian bedouin culture to women elsewhere.
44. What was unusual about their marriage practices compared to other societies we’ve studied this year?
45. What did elite women wear in Syria and Persia that women in bedouin society did not?
46. Identify several examples of how bedouin society was still patriarchal despite the facts you listed above.
47. How did town life change the status of women?
POETS AND NEGLECTED GODS (126-127)
48. What was the primary source of cultural creativity in bedouin society?
49. How was the bedouin religion similar to the early Greek’s religion? Cite two similarities.
THE LIFE OF MUHAMMAD AND THE GENSIS OF ISLAM (127-130)
50. Look back at the map on page 125 and provide a more common name for the Sasanian Empire.
51. How did the concept of monotheism come to Arabia?
52. Identify “Muhammad” –
53. In what trade was Muhammad trained?
54. Now think back to what you know of the Mauryan dynasty and the status of merchants in India (p. 63). Make a prediction on the status of merchants in the Arab/Muslim world.
55. How does your prediction compare/contrast with what you know about how early Christian and Buddhists’ views on wealth?
56. Now predict who will come to dominate trade in central Afro-Eurasia during the Postclassical period.
57. Cultural diffusion is the spread of ideas from one culture to another. Monotheism coming to Arabia is one example. A related word is when ideas from one culture are blended with another to create something new. What is this word and how did Muhammad represent this? (HINT: we’ve used this word a number of times – described as a “fusion” of ideas).
58. Identify “Qur’an” (also spelled Quran or Koran) –
59. The Qur’an, the Bible, the Torah (Hebrew Bible), the Vedas (as in Rig-Veda), The Analects: what do they have in common?
PERSECUTION, FLIGHT, AND VICTORY (128-129)
60. Who saw Muhammad as a threat and what about him (or his ideas) scared them? Why?
61. Where did Muhammad flee to and gain support?
62. Identify “hijra” =
63. What act of syncretism did Muhammad make in regards to Islam and earlier faiths? (HINT: read Figure 6.2 if you don’t understand.)
ARABS AND ISLAM (129)
64. How was Islam a unifying force?
65. Identify a key difference between Christianity and Judaism with Islam.
66. Identify “umma” -
67. What else did it provide that their previous polytheistic beliefs didn’t (HINT: #49 above)?
68. Compare and contrast Islam to Confucianism regarding society or social structure. Cite one similarity and one difference.
69. Identify “zakat” –
70. What religious idea do Christians and Muslims share other than a single God?
UNIVERSAL ELEMENTS IN ISLAM (129-130)
71. Who originally embraced Islam?
72. What helped it win support?
73. How were all 3 major monotheistic religions related to each other?
74. List the 5 Pillars. (summarize these – don’t copy word for word)
THE ARAB EMPIRE OF THE UMAYYADS (130-137)
75. What led to the spread of Islam?
76. What is ironic about who ruled this new Arab empire?
CONSOLIDATION AND DIVISION IN THE ISLAMIC COMMUNITY (131)
77. What was the first major crisis of Islam?
78. Identify “caliph” –
79. Remember what you learned about Thomas Jefferson and his ideas on separation of church and state back in grade school that have influenced the U.S. and the West to this day. How does a caliph represent opposition to that concept and provide one of many sources of contention between the Christian dominated West and Islam today?
80. Identify “Abu Bakr” –
MOTIVES FOR ARAB CONQUESTS (131-132)
81. What united the Arab warriors?
82. How were the Arabs like the Huns and Germans?
83. Who had to pay taxes?
84. Why did the early Arabs not want to spread their new religion?
WEAKNESSES OF THE ADVERSARY EMPIRES (132)
85. How did the treatment of peasants play a role in the fall of the Sasanian Empire.
86. Why did the Copt and Nestorian Christians support the Aram Muslims over the fellow Christian Byzantine Empire?
87. What was the most important loss of territory to the Muslims that the Byzantines suffered?
THE PROBLEM OF SUCCESSION AND THE SUNNI-SHI’A SPLIT (132-133)
88. Identify “Uthman” – (include his fate and why he was unpopular)
89. Identify “Ali” – (flip back to p. 128, left column for PART of the info. Include his connection to Muhammad, why the Umayyads didn’t support him for caliph after he was older, and his fate) –
90. Which grouped backed the Umayyads?
91. Which group backed Ali?
THE UMAYYAD IMPERIUM (133-134)
92. What stopped the Muslims from taking over all of Europe? How far did they get?
93. Where was the capital of Islam moved to under the Umayyads?
94. Who were first-class citizens under the Umayyads and what jobs did they hold?
95. Why were Muslim soldiers discouraged from marrying into non-Muslim communities?
CONVERTS AND “PEOPLE OF THE BOOK” (134)
96. Identify “mawali” –
97. Identify “jizya” –
98. Identify “dhimmi” -
99. Although Islam spread across a vast territory under the Umayyads, there were not very many who converted compared to the population as a whole. Why?
100. How were the “people of the book” treated by the Muslim conquerors?
FAMILY AND GENDER ROLES IN THE UMAYYAD AGE (134-135)
101. How did Islam improve the status of women and marriage in the Middle East?
102. What roles were women allowed?
103. Examine the picture below of a traditional burqa garment worn by many women today in the Muslim world. Where did this practice first appear (see “Marriage and Family[…]” or “In Depth”) and was it common under early Islam?
IN DEPTH: CIVILIZATION AND GENDER RELATIONSHIPS (136-137)
104. About how long did women enjoy more freedom under Islamic practices?
105. How were women still inferior to men legally?
106. Make the connection between the word “assimilate” and the Arab nomadic peoples as they moved into the old Classical civilizations’ territories. (look it up and then explain – this is an important pattern that occurs with nearly all nomadic invaders).
107. Identify “harem” – (Do NOT just write “forbidden area”! Explain what it is and why a single guy had best not be caught there.)
108. Identify “concubine” – (you’ll be seeing this again so know what it is)
109. Identify “eunuch” – (writing the word “ouch” is not good enough)
110. How were lower class women in Islamic society similar to lower class women in other civilizations such as China? (HINT: p. 44-47)
111. Why were women more educated in Islamic society?
UMAYYAD DECLINE AND FALL (135-137)
112. What were some of the internal symptoms of decline in the Umayyad dynasty?
113. What group) led the opposition to the Umayyads?
114. Which sect (religious denomination) and other group backed them?
115. Why would the mawali back them?
116. The picture below represents Muslim architecture, particularly the arches, and is found in Spain. How did Muslim architecture come to be in Spain?
FROM ARAB TO ISLAMIC EMPIRE: THE EARLY ABBASID ERA (138-142)
117. Which sect was supported by the Abbasid and which was persecuted?
118. Where did the Abbasids move the capital of Islam?
ISLAMIC CONVERSION AND MAWALI ACCEPTANCE (138-139)
119. How did Arabs view of conversion change?
120. List advantages of converting to Islam.
TOWNS AND COUNTRY: COMMERCIAL BOOM AND AGRARIAN EXPANSION (139-142)
121. Cite evidence found here to either prove or disprove your prediction in question 54 above.
122. Why did towns grow?
123. Identify “dhows” -
124. What area of science did the Muslim world excel in?
125. Which slaves had the worst life and where did most come from?
THE FIRST FLOWERING OF ISLAMIC LEARNING (142)
126. What was the focus of Muslim scholars?
127. What did they preserve?
128. What did Muslim invaders in India discover that eventually made its way to Europe and later contributed to the Scientific Revolution?
GLOBAL CONNECTIONS (142-145)
129. What bound together the first global civilization?
130. Who aided its spread?
131. What else did these people help spread?