1
Appendix 1. Literature Search Strategy
The search for studies included the following sources:
- Electronic database:
- MEDLINE/PubMED
- EMBASE
- Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
- Cochrane CENTRAL Register of Controlled Trials
- DARE Database of Reviews of Effects
- BIOSIS Previews
- Web of Science
- Scanning reference lists of included studies
- Reviewing most recent annual reports of major joint replacement registries (including Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Sweden, United Kingdom)
Searches were limited to studies published after 1996 since metal-on-metal hip resurfacing was only introduced in 1997 in the United Kingdom. Although in principle the review should include studies written in any language to avoid the introduction of language bias into the review, we restricted our review to English language studies owing to lack of resources for review and translation of non-English language studies.
Initial searches revealed few relevant randomized controlled trials. Consequently, we included all quasiexperimental and observational study designs.
To compare metal-on-metal hip resurfacing outcomes and adverse events with those of THA, we reviewed the literature on THA. This is a more established procedure with much more published literature. A search of MEDLINE for 1997 to present yielded more than 11,000 potential studies on THA adverse events. As a result, we limited our review of the THA literature to clinical trials, cohort studies, and case control studies. Review articles also were retrieved for background information and to ensure that no important THA studies were overlooked. As all studies on metal-on-metal hip resurfacing were reviewed, this precaution was not necessary in our synthesis of the literature on metal-on-metal hip resurfacing.
Completed Searches
MEDLINE Search One (OVID)
Cochrane CENTRAL Register of Controlled Trials (OVID 2nd Quarter 2011)
1. Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip/ae [Adverse Effects]
2. Hip Prosthesis/ae [Adverse Effects]
3. 1 or 2
4. (resurfac* or (surface adj5 replacement*) or (resurfac* adj5 femoral head*) or (surface adj5 replacement* adj5 femoral)).tw.
5. ((hip or hips or MOM or cup or (metal adj3 metal)) adj10 (resurfac* or (surface adj5 replacement*))).tw.
6. (birmingham hip* or mcminn hip* or (mcminn adj3 resurfacing) or (biomet adj10 recap) or (asr adj10 depuy) or articular surface replacement* or (mitch adj3 resurfacing) or (adep adj3 resurfacing) or (bionik adj3 resurfacing) or (icon adj3 resurfacing) or conserve plus hip or (recap adj3 resurfacing) or (cormet adj3 resurfacing) or (durom adj3 resurfacing) or (ASR adj3 resurfacing)).tw.
7. 4 or 5 or 6
8. 3 and 7
9. Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip/ or Hip Prosthesis/
10. (hip adj3 replacement*).tw.
11. (hip adj3 arthroplast*).tw.
12. arthroplasty/ or arthroplasty, replacement/
13. hip/ or hip joint/
14. (hip or hips).tw.
15. 13 or 14
16. 12 and 15
17. 9 or 10 or 11 or 16
18. 7 and 17
19. 7 and 15
20. 18 or 19
21. Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip/ae [Adverse Effects]
22. Hip Prosthesis/ae [Adverse Effects]
23. 21 or 22
24. Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip/
25. Hip Prosthesis/
26. (hip adj3 replacement*).tw.
27. (hip adj3 arthroplast*).tw.
28. 24 or 25 or 26 or 27
29. arthroplasty/ or arthroplasty, replacement/
30. "total joint arthroplast*".tw.
31. 29 or 30
32. hip/ or hip joint/
33. (hip or hips).tw.
34. 32 or 33
35. 31 and 34
36. 28 or 35
37. corrosion/ or hip dislocation/ or hypersensitivity/ or pain, postoperative/ or prosthesis failure/ or prosthesis related infections/ or reoperation/ or risk factors/ or treatment failure/
38. Postoperative Complications/
39. ((metal* adj3 hypersensitiv*) or (metal* adj3 sensitiv*) or (metal* adj3 ion* adj3 level*)).tw.
40. ((femoral or femur) adj3 impingement).tw.
41. exp *neoplasms/
42. Thromboembolism/
43. Ossification, Heterotopic/
44. Paralysis/ or exp venous thrombosis/ or exp pulmonary embolism/
45. Femur Head Necrosis/ or Femoral Fractures/
46. (adverse event* or (adverse adj3 effect*) or adverse reaction* or cancer* or complication* or corrosion or corrosive or dislocation* or early failure* or (failure adj2 rate*) or embolism* or (failure* adj3 fixation*) or loosening or metallosis or "non-union*" or pseudotumor* or pseudotumour* or pseudo tumor* or pseudo tumour* or (prosthesis adj2 failure*) or malposition* or revision* or (postop* adj3 safety) or side effect* or thrombosis or toxic effect* or toxicity).tw.
47. 37 or 38 or 39 or 40 or 41 or 42 or 43 or 44 or 45 or 46
48. 36 and 47
49. 23 or 48
50. 20 and 47
51. (clinical trial or controlled clinical trial or meta analysis or multicenter study or randomized controlled trial or review).pt.
52. exp clinical trial/
53. (randomi* or randomly or placebo* or trial* or groups).tw.
54. exp cohort studies/
55. cohort*.tw.
56. exp case-control studies/
57. (case* adj15 (base or based or comparison* or control* or referent* or referrent*)).tw.
58. 51 or 52 or 53 or 54 or 55 or 56 or 57
59. 49 and 58
60. 8 or 50 or 59
61. limit 60 to yr="1997 -Current"
62. limit 61 to animals
63. limit 61 to (animals and humans)
64. 62 not 63
65. 61 not 64
66. limit 65 to ("all infant (birth to 23 months)" or "newborn infant (birth to 1 month)" or "infant (1 to 23 months)" or "preschool child (2 to 5 years)" or "child (6 to 12 years)")
67. limit 65 to ("all adult (19 plus years)" or "adolescent (13 to 18 years)")
68. 66 and 67
69. 66 not 68
70. 65 not 69
71. limit 70 to (case reports or comment or editorial or letter)
72. 70 not 71
MEDLINE Search Two – Adverse Events Subheading Search (OVID)
Cochrane CENTRAL Register of Controlled Trials (OVID 2nd Quarter 2011)
1. Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip/ae [Adverse Effects]
2. Hip Prosthesis/ae [Adverse Effects]
3. 1 or 2
4. (resurfac* or (surface adj5 replacement*) or (resurfac* adj5 femoral head*) or (surface adj5 replacement* adj5 femoral)).tw.
5. ((hip or hips or MOM or cup or (metal adj3 metal)) adj10 (resurfac* or (surface adj5 replacement*))).tw.
6. (birmingham hip* or mcminn hip* or (mcminn adj3 resurfacing) or (biomet adj10 recap) or (asr adj10 depuy) or articular surface replacement* or (mitch adj3 resurfacing) or (adep adj3 resurfacing) or (bionik adj3 resurfacing) or (icon adj3 resurfacing) or conserve plus hip or (recap adj3 resurfacing) or (cormet adj3 resurfacing) or (durom adj3 resurfacing) or (ASR adj3 resurfacing)).tw.
7. 4 or 5 or 6
8. 3 and 7
9. Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip/ae [Adverse Effects]
10. Hip Prosthesis/ae [Adverse Effects]
11. 9 or 10
12. (clinical trial or controlled clinical trial or meta analysis or multicenter study or randomized controlled trial or review).pt.
13. exp clinical trial/
14. (randomi* or randomly or placebo* or trial* or groups).tw.
15. exp cohort studies/
16. cohort*.tw.
17. exp case-control studies/
18. (case* adj15 (base or based or comparison* or control* or referent* or referrent*)).tw.
19. 12 or 13 or 14 or 15 or 16 or 17 or 18
20. 11 and 19
21. 8 or 20
22. limit 21 to yr="1997 - Current"
23. limit 22 to animals
24. limit 22 to (animals and humans)
25. 23 not 24
26. 22 not 25
27. limit 26 to ("all infant (birth to 23 months)" or "newborn infant (birth to 1 month)" or "infant (1 to 23 months)" or "preschool child (2 to 5 years)" or "child (6 to 12 years)")
28. limit 26 to ("all adult (19 plus years)" or "adolescent (13 to 18 years)")
29. 27 and 28
30. 27 not 29
31. 26 not 30
EMBASE (OVID)
1. (birmingham hip* or mcminn hip* or (mcminn adj3 resurfacing) or (biomet adj10 recap) or (asr adj10 depuy) or articular surface replacement* or (mitch adj3 resurfacing) or (adep adj3 resurfacing) or (bionik adj3 resurfacing) or (icon adj3 resurfacing) or conserve plus hip or (recap adj3 resurfacing) or (cormet adj3 resurfacing) or (durom adj3 resurfacing) or (ASR adj3 resurfacing)).tw.
2. ((hip or hips) adj10 (resurfac* or (surface adj5 replacement*) or (resurfac* adj5 femoral head*) or (surface adj5 replacement* adj5 femoral))).tw.
3. 1 or 2
4. *total hip prosthesis/
5. (total adj5 (hip or hips) adj5 replacement*).tw.
6. (total adj5 (hip or hips) adj5 arthroplast*).tw.
7. ("total joint arthroplast*" adj5 (hip or hips)).tw.
8. 4 or 5 or 6 or 7
9. clinical trial/
10. randomized controlled trial/
11. controlled clinical trial/
12. controlled study/
13. exp case control study/
14. cohort analysis/
15. meta analysis/
16. "systematic review"/
17. multicenter study/
18. longitudinal study/
19. prospective study/
20. follow up/
21. cohort*.tw.
22. (case* adj15 (base or based or comparison* or control* or referent* or referrent*)).tw.
23. (((((random* or factorial* or crossover* or cross over* or cross-over* or placebo* or doubl*) adj blind*) or singl*) adj blind*) or assign* or allocate* or volunteer*).tw.
24. crossover procedure/
25. single blind procedure/
26. double blind procedure/
27. 9 or 10 or 11 or 12 or 13 or 14 or 15 or 16 or 17 or 18 or 19 or 20 or 21 or 22 or 23 or 24 or 25 or 26
28. 8 and 27
29. 3 or 28
30. limit 29 to yr="1997 -Current"
31. limit 30 to animals
32. 30 not 31
33. limit 32 to (embryo or infant or preschool child <1 to 6 years> or school child <7 to 12 years> or adolescent <13 to 17 years>)
34. limit 32 to (adult <18 to 64 years> or aged <65+ years>)
35. 33 and 34
36. 33 not 35
37. 32 not 36
38. limit 37 to (editorial or letter)
39. 37 not 38
40. (adverse event* or (adverse adj3 effect*) or adverse reaction* or cancer* or complication* or corrosion or corrosive or dislocation* or early failure* or (failure adj2 rate*) or embolism* or (failure* adj3 fixation*) or loosening or metallosis or "non-union*" or pseudotumor* or pseudotumour* or pseudo tumor* or pseudo tumour* or (prosthesis adj2 failure*) or malposition* or revision* or (postop* adj3 safety) or side effect* or thrombosis or toxic effect* or toxicity).tw.
41. ((metal* adj3 hypersensitiv*) or (metal* adj3 sensitiv*) or (metal* adj3 ion* adj3 level*)).tw.
42. ((femoral or femur) adj3 impingement).tw.
43. corrosion/
44. exp hip dislocation/co, si [Complication, Side Effect]
45. hypersensitivity/ or allergic reaction/ or hypersensitivity reaction/ or tissue reaction/
46. postoperative pain/
47. prosthesis failure/ or prosthesis loosening/
48. reoperation/
49. exp prosthesis infection/
50. risk factor/
51. treatment failure/
52. postoperative complication/ or postoperative edema/ or postoperative hemorrhage/ or postoperative inflammation/ or postoperative thrombosis/ or surgical infection/
53. thromboembolism/co, si [Complication, Side Effect]
54. exp neoplasm/co, si [Complication, Side Effect]
55. exp heterotopic ossification/co, si [Complication, Side Effect]
56. paralysis/co, si [Complication, Side Effect]
57. exp vein thrombosis/co, si [Complication, Side Effect]
58. exp lung embolism/co, si [Complication, Side Effect]
59. exp femur head necrosis/co, si [Complication, Side Effect]
60. exp femur fracture/co, si [Complication, Side Effect]
61. pseudotumor/
62. 40 or 41 or 42 or 43 or 44 or 45 or 46 or 47 or 48 or 49 or 50 or 51 or 52 or 53 or 54 or 55 or 56 or 57 or 58 or 59 or 60 or 61
63. 39 and 62
Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (OVID 2005 to June 2011)
Health Technology Assessment (OVID 2nd Quarter 2011)
DARE Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (OVID 2nd Quarter 2011)
1. (resurfac* or (surface adj5 replacement*) or (resurfac* adj5 femoral head*) or (surface adj5 replacement* adj5 femoral)).tw.
2. ((hip or hips or MOM or cup or (metal adj3 metal)) adj10 (resurfac* or (surface adj5 replacement*))).tw.
3. (birmingham hip* or mcminn hip* or (mcminn adj3 resurfacing) or (biomet adj10 recap) or (asr adj10 depuy) or articular surface replacement* or (mitch adj3 resurfacing) or (adep adj3 resurfacing) or (bionik adj3 resurfacing) or (icon adj3 resurfacing) or conserve plus hip or (recap adj3 resurfacing) or (cormet adj3 resurfacing) or (durom adj3 resurfacing) or (ASR adj3 resurfacing)).tw.
4. (hip adj3 replacement*).tw.
5. (hip adj3 arthroplast*).tw.
6. "total joint arthroplast*".tw.
7. ((metal* adj3 hypersensitiv*) or (metal* adj3 sensitiv*) or (metal* adj3 ion* adj3 level*)).tw.
8. ((femoral or femur) adj3 impingement).tw.
9. (adverse event* or (adverse adj3 effect*) or adverse reaction* or cancer* or complication* or corrosion or corrosive or dislocation* or early failure* or (failure adj2 rate*) or embolism* or (failure* adj3 fixation*) or loosening or metallosis or "non-union*" or pseudotumor* or pseudotumour* or pseudo tumor* or pseudo tumour* or (prosthesis adj2 failure*) or malposition* or revision* or (postop* adj3 safety) or side effect* or thrombosis or toxic effect* or toxicity).tw.
10. 7 or 8 or 9
11. 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6
12. 10 and 11
BIOSIS Previews (ISI Web of Knowledge)
Web of Science – Science Citation Index and Conference Abstracts (ISI Web of Knowledge)
1. (resurfac* or surface replacement* or (resurfac* and femoral head*) or (surface replacement* and femoral))[Topics/Titles]
2.(hip or hips or MOM or cup or metal) and (resurfac* or surface replacement*)[Topics/Titles]
3. (birmingham hip* or mcminn hip* or mcminn resurfacing or biomet recap or asr depuy or articular surface replacement* or mitch resurfacing or adep resurfacing or bionik resurfacing or icon resurfacing or conserve plus hip or recap resurfacing or cormet resurfacing or durom resurfacing or ASR resurfacing)[Topics/Titles]
4. 1 or 2 or 3
5. (hip replacement* or hip arthroplast* or total joint arthroplast*)[Topics/Titles]
6. (metal* hypersensitiv*or metal* sensitiv* or metal* ion* level*)[Topics/Titles]
7. ((femoral or femur) impingement)[Topics/Titles]
8. (adverse event* or adverse effect* or adverse reaction* or cancer* or complication* or corrosion or corrosive or dislocation* or early failure* or failure rate* or embolism* or (failure* and fixation*) or loosening or metallosis or "non-union*" or pseudotumor* or pseudotumour* or pseudo tumor* or pseudo tumour* or prosthesis failure* or malposition* or revision* or postop* safety or side effect* or thrombosis or toxic effect* or toxicity)[Topics/Titles]
9. 6 or 7 or 8
10. 4 and 9
11. 5 and 9
12. clinical trial or multicenter stud* or randomi* or randomly or placebo* or trial* or groups or cohort or case-control studies or case* base or case* based or case* comparison* or case* control* or case* referent* or case* referrent*[Topics/Titles]
13. 11 and 12
14. 10 or 13
15. Limit 15 to Surgery or Orthopedics [Subject areas]
16. Exclude patent or letter or book or book chapter [Document Types]