AP U.S. HISTORY – 12th EDITION - CHAPTER 2

MOTIVES FOR EXPLORATION AND COLONIZATION

The Renaissance: a rebirth in classical learning, artistic and scientific learning / Europeans improved the inventions of other countries: gunpowder (Chinese), sailing compass (Chinese), shipbuilding (caravel), the printing press
/ IMPROVEMENTS IN TECHNOLOGY
/
Used religions as a reason to explore and take over new lands

DEVELOPING NATIONS-STATES
(Political)

Used resources of newly conquered nations to finance exploration / EUROPE
MOVES
TOWARDS

EXPLORATION
1500 / Competition among European powers for control of trade routes to Africa – Asia – China


EXPANDING TRADE
(Economic)


Led to founding of America’s - slavery
/
RELIGIOUS CONFLICTS
(Religious)
Isabella unites Spain and helps
to spread the Catholic faith to newly explored lands / Northern Europe revolts against the teachings of the Catholic Church: England – France – Holland – Germany (Protestant Reformation)

European powers: Spain, France, England, Holland, and Germany

Nation state: a country in which a majority of the people shares a common culture and political loyalties

SPAIN AND PORTUGAL COMPETE FOR THE

NEW WORLD 1500 – 1550

  • Spain and Portugal were the first nations to lay claim to territories in the New World
  • It was their Christian duty and right to claim land occupied by heathens
  • The Pope in Rome would decide how to divide up the land
  • The Treaty of Tordesillas 1494:
  • The Pope drew a line down a map of the world
  • Spain was have all the land west of this line
  • Portugal was to have all the land east of this line

RICH REWARDS FOR SPAIN

Indians were forced to farm and work in mines.

  • Spanish conquistadors increased Spain’s gold supply by 500%
  • Made Spain the richest and most powerful nation in Europe.
  • Economic system: Encomienda – The King of Spain gave land grants and Indian slaves to rich Spanish citizens
/
  • In return, the Spanish citizens would give a portion of their income to the King
  • Spanish brutality and European diseases reduced the native population
  • Forced Spain to transport slaves from Africa – Spanish lords paid a tax to the King for each slave imported to South America

  • What gave Spain the right to take over South America? What thoughts might go through the minds of natives as they see the “newcomers” arrive in the New World

THE NEW WORLD 1500 – 1600

  • Most of the Indian population in the western hemisphere died because of exposure to the “white man’s” diseases: the common cold, measles, small pox, influenza
  • Most slaves worked on Brazilian plantations, sugar plantations in the Caribbean, and mines in South America
  • Spain controls most of South America
  • Most of North America is largely unexplored.

EUROPEAN COLONIES IN NORTH AMERICA

SPAIN / FRANCE / ENGLISH
SANTA FE / QUEBEC / JAMESTOWN

NOTE: England’s first colony in the New World is Roanoke Island (North Carolina) just off the coast of Virginia. Sir Walter Raleigh establishes the colony but returned to England. Roanoke is basically swallowed up by the wilderness.

What kind of problems might the new settlers face as they arrive on the Roanoke Island? Climate? Food supply? Shelter? Government? Relations with the natives? Social problems? Supplies?
What types of things might they be thinking about?

THE ENGLISH PLANT SUCCESSFUL COLONIES

ENGLAND IS SLOW TO COLONIZE IN THE NEW WORLD – 1500

RELIGIOUS
  • Protestant reformation
  • Henry VIII broke away from the Catholic Church
  • The Catholic Church would not grant him a divorce

EFFECTS
  • The church of England is established 1530
/ CONFLICTS WITH SPAIN

  • Spain was a religious and political foe of the protestant reformation
  • Profits from overseas colonies made Spain the richest and most powerful country in Europe

EFFECTS
  • Spain builds an enormous armada
  • Attacks England but is soundly defected 1588
  • Begins the downfall of Spain
/ IRISH CONFLICT
  • The Irish wanted independence from England
  • Asked the Spanish for help
  • Both countries are Catholic
  • Spain gave very little aid

EFFECTS
  • The Irish were soundly defeated
  • Irish lands were conflated
NOTE: the British developed a hatred for the Irish

ENGLAND IS SLOW TO COLONIZE IN THE NEW WORLD – 1500

RELIGION – CONFLICTS WITH SPAIN – IRISH CONFLICT

ENGLAND BECOMES UNITED UNDER QUEEN ELIZABETH 1558

REASONS FOR IMMIGRATION TO THE NEW WORLD

POPULATION GROWTH
(Work force)
  • England grew from 3 million workers (1550) to 4 million workers (1600)
  • Caused unemployment in large cities.
  • Created a new work force for the New World

JOINT STOCK COMPANIES
(Economic)
  • Many small investors could pool their money, without losing all their money
  • Financed the first settlement in the New World.

PEACE WITH SPAIN / ENCLOSURE
(New Jobs)
  • Rich English landowners were “enclosing” farm lands
  • Forced small farmers off their farms and into the cities
  • Created unemployment

LAW OF PRIMOGENITURE
(Social)
  • Only the eldest son was allowed to inherit land
  • Younger sons (Gilbert, Raleigh, Drake) were forced to see their fortunes elsewhere

RELIGIOUS FREEDOM

CAUSE AND EFFECT

Population Growth  New Work Force

Unemployment/Religion  Motives

Jointstock Companies  Financial Means

JAMESTOWN

FOUNDED/FINANCED /
  • Founded 1606. Financed as a Jointstock company of London. It received a charter guaranteed settlers the same rights as citizens of England.

MOTIVE /
  • Gold

HISTORY/CONDITIONS /
  • May 24, 1607 three ships land, the colony is named Jamestown after the King.
  • The early years were very harsh for the 400 “ would be colonists” dozens died from disease, malnutrition, and many practiced cannibalism.
  • The area of Jamestown had fertile land and forests were full of game.

EARLY MISTAKES /
  • The new settlers spent their time searching than gathering or growing food. Most clothing or know how to build proper seed.

LEADERS /
  • John Smith takes over Jamestown. Started policy of “ shall not work, shall not eat” Colonists died at an alarming rate; 60 our of 400 survived, the colonists were forced to eat dogs, cats, people

RELATIONS WITH
THE NATIVES /
  • The Indians wanted peaceful relations while settlers stole food and clothing from the Indians

NOTE: Between 1607 – 1625 only 1200 colonist were alive of the nation to start a new life in the New World

# Maps: Marlyland, Virginia, Carolinas and Georgia Settlement

The authorities meted out harsh discipline in the young Virginia colony. One Jamestown settler who publicly criticized the governor was sentenced to

“be disarmed [and] have his arms broken and his tongue bored through a guard of 40 men and shall be butted [with muskets] by every one of them and at the head of the troop kicked down and footed out of the fort.”

MARYLAND: CATHOLIC HAVEN

FOUNDED
  • Lord Baltimore – 1634
  • Second plantation colony, fourth English colony
  • Was a proprietary colony

RELIGION
  • Founded as safe haven for Catholics.
  • To prevent religious persecution, it passed the Act of Toleration 1649
  • It tolerated all Christians; it decreed death for Jews, Atheists, and all that denied the divinity of Jesus.
/ ECONOMY
  • Like Virginia, Maryland prospered with tobacco
  • It depended on white indentured servants. Later in the century it used slaves.
  • Large Catholic land barons were surrounded by small protestant landowners.
NOTE: System was like the feudal system of the middle ages.

GEORGIA: THE BUFFER COLONY

The colony of Georgia was founded as a defensive buffer for South Carolina and to create a haven for people imprisoned for debt

FOUNDED
  • Founded by James Oglethorpe and others.
  • Served as a buffer against Spanish and French colonies
  • Named in honor of George II
  • Sponsored by a group of Philanthropists
  • A royal colony
  • Known as the “Charity Colony”
/ COMMUNITY
  • Was a melting pot community
  • Everyone was welcomed except Catholics
ECONOMY
  • Least populous of the plantation colonies.
  • Tried plantation economy but poor climate and restrictions on slavery hurt tobacco crops.

THE WEST INDIES

  • Spain originally controlled the West Indies, but by the early 1600s had over extended it ability to control its overseas colonies.
  • By 1650, England had secured its claim to several West IndiesIslands. (Jamaica 1655)
ECONOMY
  • Sugar formed the foundation of the West Indies’ economy
/ LABOR
  • Depended on slave labor
  • Devised formal slave codes
  • Barbados Slave Code 1661
  • Code denied fundamental rights to slaves
  • Code followed slaves to the Carolinas

TOBACCO / VS / SUGAR
  • Poor man’s crop
  • Could be planted easily
  • 1 year to grow
  • Simple processing
/
  • Needed a lot of land
  • Excessive land clearing
  • Elaborate/expensive process
  • Needed African slaves for labor
  • By 1700, slaves outnumbered white settlers by 4 to 1
  • Sugar ended other forms of agriculture in the Indies; it affected food supplies. Depended on North America for food supply/domestic goods

COLONIZING THE CAROLINAS – RESTORATION PERIOD

1640 – 1729

CAROLINA

ECONOMY
  • Produced foodstuff for sugar plantation in the West Indies.
  • Exported non-English products like wine, silk, and olive oil.
  • Prospered under this system
  • Colonists bought slave trade with them from Barbados.
  • Used Savannah Indians as slaves, sent many to the West Indies
  • Rice emerged as the principle exported crop of the Carolinas.
  • Imported African rice growers as slaves. By 1710, there were more slaves than whites in the Carolinas
/ NORTH CAROLINA

FOUNDED
  • Separated from South Carolina in 1712 and became a royal colony

PEOPLE
  • Were drifters, outcasts from Virginia, and religious dissenters
  • Despised authority, were caught between snobby, religious Virginians and rich aristocrats of South Carolina.

ECONOMY
  • Were “Squatters” without legal right to the land, raised tobacco on small farms without the use of slaves

GOVERNMENT
  • Very independent and democratic and the least aristocratic of the 13 colonies

SOUTHERN COLONIES – PLANTATION COLONIES

MARYLAND – VIRGINIA – NORTH CAROLINA – SOUTH CAROLINA – GEORGIA

NOTE: By 1760, all the southern plantation colonies based their economies on the production of staple crops for export, practiced slavery, and provided tax support for the Church of England.

  • Large acreages of land owned by a few, gave an atmosphere of aristocracy.
  • Very few schools or churches

______

VIRGINIA: CHILD OF TOBACCO

BEGINNINGS / GOVERNMENT
  • Founded by the London Company in 1607
  • Led by John Rolf, the husband of Pocahontas.
/
  • System of Self-Government is corn in Virginia 1619
  • The London Company authorized an assembly called the house of burgess.
  • In 1624, King James revoked the charter and made Virginia a royal colony under is direct control.

ECONOMY

  • By 1616, Rolf perfected the method of raising tobacco.
  • Economy of Virginia was based on Tobacco.
  • All of Virginia grew tobacco; profits were so high that colonists were forced to import domestic goods/food.
  • Hunger for land pushed Native Americans off their land disadvantages of growing tobacco: 1. Ruinous to the land when planted year after year. 2. Virginia did not develop other products. 3. Needed cheap labor. By 1650, 14% of Virginia’s population was slaves or indentured labor.