Name______Period____Date______
13.3 THE ORGANIZED LABOR MOVEMENT
WORKERS ENDURE HARDSHIPS
• Factories
– Long hours- 12 hours a day, 6 days a week
– ______
– ______
– - small, hot, dark and dirty workshops
– Dangerous conditions
– Strict owners, quick to fine workers for breaking rules or fire those that missed work
– Despite these ______conditions, there were always more workers than jobs
FAMILIES IN THE WORKFORCE
• As ______advanced, more jobs opened up for women
• Low wages meant that both parents had to work
• Children also needed to earn a wage to help the family ______
• By the end of the 1800’s, nearly 20% of children between the ages of 10-16 worked full time.
– ______were very hard for children
LIVING IN COMPANY TOWNS
• Many laborers were forced to live in ______communities near their workplaces
• The housing in these communities were often owned by the company
– ______- Owned by businesses and rented to employees
• Businesses often owned a “company store”
– Goods were expensive and sold on credit with high interest
– Workers could be arrested if they left their jobs before debts were repaid
– Workers called this “______”
LABOR UNIONS FORM
• Workers tried to gain power against employers by using collective bargaining
– ______- negotiating as a group for better wages or working conditions
• One form of collective bargaining is the strike, or agreement to cease working until demands are met
• Strikes could be local or involve all workers in certain industries
• The first national labor union was formed in 1834- ______
• In the 1830’s, Socialism began to spread
– ______- An economic and political philosophy that favors public control of property and income
– ______of wealth
– 1848, Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels wrote ______
• This pamphlet denounced capitalism and predicted that workers would overturn it
• Many labor activists borrowed ideas from Marx and Engels
FOUNDING THE KNIGHTS OF LABOR
• Founded in 1869 by Uriah Stephens
• It included workers from all trades and ______/______groups
• Functioned as a secret society devoted to broad ______
• Terence V. Powderly took control in 1881
• Former mayor of Scranton, PA (Home of The Office)
• Encouraged ______and negotiations with employers
• By 1885, the KOL had 700,000 members.
• After a series of failed strikes, the KOL had largely disappeared by the 1890’s
FORMING THE AMERICAN FEDERATION OF LABOR (AFL)
• Founded by Samuel ______in 1886
• AFL was a ______
– Loose organization of skilled workers from 100 local unions devoted to specific crafts and trades
• High dues created a strike and ______fund
• Focused on wages, hours and conditions
• Pressed for ______- union members only
RAILROAD STRIKES
• Workers in West Virginia went on strike to protest ______.
• President Rutherford B. Hayes sent federal troops to protect the rail roads.
• This angered strikers and spread to 14 other states.
• The troops were able to put down the strikers, which became known as the ______.
HAYMARKET SQUARE
• MAY, 1886
• Thousands of workers mounted a national ______for an 8-hour workday
• Fights broke out between strikers and ______
• Conflict escalated between strikers and police
• ______in Chicago 40,000 workers join in strike
• ______became involved in the leadership
• A protestor threw a bomb, killing dozens of police and protestors.
• Eight anarchists were tried for murder and four were convicted.
• Many people began to associate unions with ______
HOMESTEAD STRIKE
• ______Workers in Homestead, PA protested wage cuts.
• Henry Frick, Carnegie’s partner, instituted a lock out and hired 300 guards to protect the plant.
• The strikers and guards got in a fight resulting in 16 deaths.
• Anarchists in the union tried to ______Frick
• As ______began to turn against the workers, the strike was called off
PULLMAN STRIKE
• George Pullman cuts wages, but refuses to lower price of rent and goods in his ______
• The American Railway Union, led by Eugene V. Debs, ______the strikers and brought a halt to rail traffic.
• RR owners claimed the strike violated the ______because it disrupted free trade
• U.S. government stepped in, claiming strikers were committing a federal offense by preventing delivery of U.S. mail
• Troops were then sent in by President ______and broke the strike up
EFFECTS ON THE LABOR MOVEMENT
• The outcome of the Pullman strike set an important ______
• Employers now appealed for court orders to halt strikes
• The ______usually backed employers
• The labor movement split into many factions and lost much of its ______