Chapter 29
The Making of Industrial Society
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1.The industrial revolution began in
a. the United States.
b. Great Britain.
c. France.
d. Italy.
e. Russia.
Answer: b
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2.Crucial to industrialization was
a. the leadership role taken by the Luddites.
b. the willing support of the major industrial unions.
c. the peasants’ planned and willing relocation to the cities.
d. the leading role that Russia provided in technology.
e. the replacement of human and animal power with inanimate sources of energy such as steam.
Answer: e
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3.The growing demand for cotton cloth in the eighteenth century threatened British
a. wool producers.
b. monopoly over the Chinese silk trade.
c. naval strength because of the dramatically rising cost of sails.
d. educational dominance.
e. trade with the Americas.
Answer: a
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4.The British Calico Acts of 1720 and 1721
a. restricted British importation of cotton cloth to the Americas.
b. showed favoritism to cotton producers over wool producers.
c. prohibited the importation of cotton cloth.
d. required that a corpse be buried in a cotton shroud.
e. encouraged the importation of printed cotton cloth in an effort to boost British trade.
Answer: c
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5.The inventor of the flying shuttle was
a. John Kay.
b. Samuel Crompton.
c. Josiah Wedgwood.
d. James Watt.
e. Edmund Cartwright.
Answer: a
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6.The invention of the flying shuttle
a. powered the first steam-driven locomotive.
b. made the steam engine possible.
c. led to the passage of the Calico Acts.
d. gave the British an unquestioned military advantage.
e. sped the weaving process.
Answer: e
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7.Which of the following is NOT a correct pairing of inventor and invention?
a. James Watt and steam engine
b. Josiah Wedgwood and “mule”
c. John Kay and flying shuttle
d. John Bessemer and converter
e. Edmund Cartwright and power loom
Answer: b
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8.Edmund Cartwright was responsible for the invention of the
a. steam-driven locomotive.
b. converter.
c. steam engine.
d. power loom.
e. flying shuttle.
Answer: d
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9.James Watt invented a more efficient steam pump when he
a. redesigned the flying shuttle.
b. restructured the engine’s compressor.
c. copied and consolidated several important American inventions.
d. invented a more efficient method of steel production.
e. figured out how to make a piston turn a wheel for rotary motion.
Answer: e
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10.James Watt’s steam engine did not adapt well to transportation uses because
a. it weighed too much to be supported by rubber tires.
b. the heat, combined with the vibrations of movement, caused instability in the structural integrity.
c. the engine grew too hot and often exploded.
d. it used too much gasoline to be cost efficient.
e. it consumed too much coal.
Answer: e
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11.Cheaper iron was produced after 1709 when British smelters began to use what substance as a fuel?
a. kerosene
b. coke
c. charcoal
d. wood
e. gasoline
Answer: b
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12.Henry Bessemer’s innovations made it possible to produce cheaper
a. iron.
b. cotton.
c. steel.
d. oil.
e. wool.
Answer: c
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13.The first steam-powered locomotive was George Stephenson’s
a. Rocket.
b. Blazer.
c. Meteor.
d. Lightning.
e. Comet.
Answer: a
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14.The dominant form of industrial organization by the end of the nineteenth century was
a. the putting-out system.
b. cottage industry.
c. the factory system.
d. the guild system.
e. a socialist-directed economy.
Answer: c
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15.The Luddites
a. were the first utopian socialist thinkers.
b. were the industrial workers that Marx felt would be the eventual victors in the revolution.
c. led the movement away from traditional crafts manufacture and toward the factory system.
d. were crafts workers who destroyed textile machines.
e. promoted industrial advancement through their work in Parliament.
Answer: d
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16.Interchangeable parts were invented by
a. Henry Ford.
b. Henry Bessemer.
c. Eli Whitney.
d. Josiah Wedgwood.
e. George Stephenson.
Answer: c
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17.In America the petroleum monopoly, Standard Oil Company, was owned by
a. John D. Rockefeller.
b. Robert Owen.
c. Andrew Carnegie.
d. George Stephenson.
e. Henry Bessemer.
Answer: a
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18.Beginning in the nineteenth century, industrializing lands experienced a social change known as the demographic transition when
a. 60 percent of the people were 55 years old and older.
b. the rural population increased dramatically.
c. the fertility rate increased dramatically.
d. the majority of the population was college educated.
e. the fertility rate began a marked decline.
Answer: e
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19.Marx and Engels proposed that capitalism divided people into two classes. The classes were
a. the capitalists and the bourgeoisie.
b. the capitalists and the proletariat.
c. the workers and the peasantry.
d. the capitalists and the middle class.
e. the proletariat and the nobility.
Answer: b
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20.One of theauthors of the Manifesto of the Communist Party was
a. Marx.
b. Fourier.
c. Rousseau.
d. Owen.
e. Lenin.
Answer: a
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21.Marx and Engels suggested that music, art, and literature
a. should be used by the communists to facilitate the revolution.
b. were the “opiate of the masses.”
c. were the only aspects of the modern world that had not been contaminated by the capitalists.
d. served the purposes of the capitalists because they diverted the workers from their misery.
e. represented the peasants and were thus useless.
Answer: d
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22.Marx and the communists believed that private property
a. would be the only aspect of industrial society that would survive the revolution.
b. should be divided up on a more equitable basis.
c. would be the foundation of the post-revolutionary world.
d. should be abolished.
e. should pass into the ownership of the workers.
Answer: d
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23.Marx and Engels believed that the final result of the socialist revolution would be the
a. “usurpation by the proletariat of the bourgeois hegemony.”
b. “dictatorship of the proletariat.”
c. “complete inversion of the class hierarchy.”
d. “realization of freedom.”
e. “opiate of the masses.”
Answer: b
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24.According to the Manifesto of the Communist Party, all of human history had been a history of
a. class struggle.
b. the quest for religious self-awareness interfering with the development of the peasantry.
c. the search for equality.
d. the search for freedom.
e. industrial integration.
Answer: a
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25.In the late nineteenth century, Germany led European countries in the movement to
a. dramatically reduce the rights and benefits of workers.
b. provide medical insurance and unemployment compensation for workers.
c. crush the trade union movement so thoroughly that it didn’t return for over fifty years.
d. recognize trade unions only if they would publicly renounce their ties to the communists.
e. convert to communism.
Answer: b
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26.Throughout most of the nineteenth century, employers and governments
a. readily established their own trade unions.
b. worked closely with the trade unions to improve the conditions of the working class.
c. tried to convince trade unions to switch their allegiance from communists to socialists.
d. viewed trade unions as illegal associations designed to restrain trade.
e. saw the trade unions as the single best alternative to Marxian-type class revolution.
Answer: d
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27.Over the long haul, trade unions
a. reduced the likelihood of a revolution by improving the lives of working people.
b. dramatically increased the chances for a revolution through their ties to Marxian socialists.
c. were completely unsuccessful in improving the conditions of the working class.
d. stood out as the most radical critics of industrial society.
e. fell under communist control.
Answer: a
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28.Charles Fourier was
a. the Belgian foreign minister whose disastrous trade policies blocked Belgian advancement.
b. the German nobleman who stood as the chief obstacle to German industrialization.
c. the French nobleman who seized the throne after an economic collapse.
d. the English radical who founded the Bolsheviks.
e. a social critic who is often referred to as a utopian socialist.
Answer: e
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29.By 1900, which was the largest city in the world?
a. New York
b. Berlin
c. Paris
d. London
e. Tokyo
Answer: d
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30.The use of which of the following increased dramatically in the nineteenth century?
a. steel
b. iron
c. copper
d. gold
e. aluminum
Answer: a
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31.Which of the following was a key feature in the rapid industrialization of Great Britain?
a. high agricultural productivity
b. population density
c. navigable rivers and canals
d. sophisticated banking and financial institutions
e. All these answers are correct.
Answer: e
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32.Horizontal organization is
a. the framework for powerful European trade unions in the industrial age.
b. the consolidation or cooperation of independent companies in the same business.
c. the control of all facets of an industry.
d. a method of mass production.
e. the assembly line process developed by Henry Ford in 1913.
Answer: b
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TRUE/FALSE
33.Industrialization refers to the process that transformed agrarian and handicraft-centered economies into economies distinguished by industry and machine manufacture.
Answer: True
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34.The fortunate conjunction of coal deposits and the skills necessary to extract this fuel encouraged the substitution of coal for wood, thus creating the promising framework for industrialization.
Answer: True
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35.The most crucial technological breakthrough of the early industrial era was the development of a general-purpose steam engine in 1765 by James Watt.
Answer: True
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36.The factory system began to emerge in the seventeenth century, when technological advances transformed the British textile industry.
Answer: False
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37.German industrialization proceeded at a faster pace than did French and Belgian because of German coal and iron production and extensive railroad building.
Answer: False
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38.During the 1850s and 1860s, the governments of Britain and France laid the legal foundations for the modern corporation, which became the most common form of business organization in industrial societies.
Answer: True
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39.Industrialization and population growth strongly discouraged migration and urbanization.
Answer: False
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40.The rapid population growth in Europe encouraged massive migration to the Americas, especially the United States.
Answer: True
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41.In the industrial society, the family was the basic productive unit. Family members worked together and contributed to the welfare of the larger group; there was little distinction between work and family life.
Answer: False
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42.The most prominent of the nineteenth century socialists were the German theorists Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. They argued that human history has been a struggle between social classes, and that the future lay with the working class because capitalism would grind to a halt.
Answer: True
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ESSAY
43.Marx wrote the famous words, “The history of all hitherto existing society is the history of class struggles” in the Manifesto of the Communist Party. In what ways were these simple words the foundation of his philosophy? Who would eventually win the class struggle?
44.Thomas Malthus, in his Essay on the Principle of Population, discussed the “constant tendency in all animated life to increase beyond the nourishment prepared for it.” What is the meaning of this statement? Were human beings doomed to overpopulation? Beyond expanding, what else was happening to the population of the industrializing world in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries?
45.In the Manifesto of the Communist Party, Marx wrote, “The bourgeois has torn away from the family its sentimental veil and has reduced the family relation to a mere monetary relation.” What were Marx’s main points? How did the industrial revolution impact the social and family life of Europe?
46.How total was the transformation brought about by the industrial revolution? Did anything of the old world remain? Was there opposition to this transition?
47.In the late nineteenth century, conditions for the workers did begin to improve. Why? What role did the labor unions play? What role did Marx—or fear of a Marxian-style revolution—play in this improvement? In what ways might this role be ironic?
48.How could the demands and reality of industrialization influence factors such as nationalism or colonization?
49.In what ways were families transformed by the process of industrialization? Why would the family structure have been stronger before the industrial revolution? How was the home transformed? How did the roles of women and children change in the industrial movement?
50.Examine the transition from the more traditional putting-out system to the rise of the factory system. How did each invention lead to other innovations? What would be the economic and social implications of this change? What were the conditions like in these new factories? How different would the worker’s life be from that of his ancestors?
51.Discuss the population explosion, urbanization, and other demographic factors of the industrial revolution. Discuss the growth of huge industrial cities during the nineteenth century. What would the life of the new urban dweller be like? What would be the implications of this existence?
52.Examine the roots of the socialist movement. What were the basic goals of the utopian socialists? How did this movement evolve under Marx?
53.Examine the spread of industrialization beyond the borders of Great Britain. Are trade and transportation playing a different role than in the past? How did the movement change? Did industrialization influence every country the same way? Why did some nations in Latin America, sub-Saharan Africa, and Asia get left behind in the industrial race?
54.Place yourself in the position of a nineteenth-century English factory worker. What are the major factors of your existence? How might your life be different from that of your predecessors?
55.Eli Whitney is known for inventions such as interchangeable parts. In what ways did industrialization turn workers into interchangeable parts?
56.Examine Map 29.1, Industrial Europe ca. 1850. What are the leading demographic factors? Look at the new industrial cities. What would life be like in those cities for the new urban workers?
57.What inventions led to the mechanization of the cotton industry after 1750? Why was the textile industry so prominent at this time?
58.Explain how Great Britain took such a commanding lead in the industrial revolution.
59.Summarize the changes in iron and steel production and in transportation in the nineteenth century.
60.When and how did industrialization spread to the European continent and to the United States? What factors in those countries tended to support industry?
61.What are some of the characteristics of “industrial capitalism”? How did industrial giants like J. D. Rockefeller achieve such dominance over the marketplace?
62.What was the impact of the industrial revolution on the material standard of living in Europe and America? Who benefited the most from this?
63.What are the significant demographic (population) trends of the nineteenth century in Europe and America? What factors account for these changes?
64.What was the impact of the industrial revolution on working-class families? Consider the changes for working-class men, women, and children.
65.In what ways did the major industrial nations of the west become more responsive to the needs and interests of working people?
66.What was the impact of western industrialism on the nonindustrial countries of Asia and South America?