Geography
- The impact of geography on hunter- gatherer societies.
Essential Knowledge:
1. Human ancestors walked upright in ______about 3-4 million years ago.
2. ______emerged in Africa between 100,000-400,000 years ago.
3. Homo sapiens ______from Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and the Americas.
4. Early humans adapted to their environment by devising new clothing and shaping simple tools for ______.
Hunter-Gatherers
- Characteristics of hunter-gatherer
societies.
Essential Knowledge:
1. ______peoples followed herds of animals and/ or migrated in search of water, food, and shelter.
2. Hunter-gatherers lived in ______searching for seeds, nuts, and meat.
3. Early humans developed oral ______.
Old Stone Age and New Stone Age
- tool making and the use of fire
- technological and social advancement that gave rise to stable communities.
Essential Knowledge:
1. Early humans invented ______and mastered the use of______to control aspects of their environment.
Old Stone Age
- Oral language
- Clothing
- ______
- Use of fire
- Simple weapons
New Stone Age
- ______animals
- Weaving
- Settled farming/ seed culture
- Advanced Tools
- Pottery
Archeology
- How archeological discoveries are changing our knowledge of early people.
Essential Knowledge:
1. ______study past cultures by locating and analyzing human remains, ______, and ______.
2. Archeologists apply scientists tests such as ______to analyze fossils and artifacts.
Historical Skills:
-Location in time and place
Essential Knowledge:
1. Location of ancient civilizations between 5000-1500 BC
a. ______was located in Africa on a narrow strip of land along the Nile River.
b. ______was located between the ______and the ______Rivers.
c. India was located in South Asia along the ______and Ganges Rivers.
d. China was located on the ______River in Northern China.
2. Importance of Location:
a. Each civilization was surrounded by physical features that provided natural ______against migratory peoples.
b. _____ were rich for farming.
c. Water was available for ______.
3. ______, located along the Mediterranean Coast connecting Mesopotamia and Nile regions, was settled between 2000-1000 BC
a. ______settled in Palestine.
b. ______settled the coast.
c. ______dominated the Plateau of Iran around 500 BC.
Features of River Valley Civilizations
- The development of social, political, and economic progress.
- The development of religious traditions
- The development of language and writing
1. ______: settled farming resulted form domesticating animals and plants, irrigation, and seed cultivation.
2. Economy: ______food promoted trade along rivers and on seas (Phoenicians), storage of food, accounting systems, and city development. Government controlled economic life.
3. Government: Centralized government is often related to religion. Written codes and laws provided justice (Ten Commandments---______).
4. Religion: Ancient peoples practiced ______except for the Hebrews, who practiced monotheism.
5. Language: Written language (______, ______) developed from pictures. Later, the Phoenicians developed the ______.
6. ______: Ancient river civilizations worked copper metals, developed chariots for warfare, and used plows.
7. Mathematics: Ancient civilizations developed mathematics for ______.
Geography
- The influence of geography on Greek economic, social, and political development.
Essential Knowledge:
- Ancient Greece was located on a ______between the Aegean and ______Seas, within easy sailing distance of the Fertile Crescent and Egypt. This location promoted contacts for trade and ideas (______)
- Mountainous terrain resulted inn isolated development of ______rather than a central government, poor farmland that pushed people to colonize land outside Greece, and dependence on trade.
- Good ______supported merchants and traders whose contacts brought cultural changes and technology.
- Mild ______promoted public life outdoors, where people knew each other and discussed issues and news, resulting in an increase in civic life.
Greek Mythology and Religion
Essential Knowledge:
______: a rich collection of stories/myths about Greek gods/goddesses explaining the mysteries of nature and human life.
______: Representations of essential human qualities that have continued as symbols and images in modern Western literature and art.
Religion: ______---many Gods including Zeus, Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite; gods considered a part of public life.
Greek Commerce
- The impact of Greek commerce and colonies on the Mediterranean region.
Essential Knowledge:
- Greek ______were established to ease overcrowding in mainland Greece.
- Wine and ______products were exchanged for grain to support home cities.
- Commercial expansion brought farmers from villages to the cities as skilled craftsman.
- Greek merchants traded throughout the Mediterranean area replacing ______with a ______economy.
- Trade advanced Greek culture and influence in the Mediterranean region.
Citizenship and the Democracy
- The social significance of citizenship, and the development of democracy in the city-state of Athens.
Essential Knowledge:
The ______(city-state), center of Greek identity, commanded intense loyalty---a citizen was first a member of the polis. There were three groups of inhabitants:
1. ______: adult males who typically operated businesses in the agora (market place)
2. Free People: no political rights---women who cared for the household.
3. Non-citizens: ______had no rights.
A. ______was based on the belief that human beings are rational individuals.
B. Civic decisions were made in open debate. Men were expected to participate in public life.
C. ______was the primary city-state in Greece after 750 BC, and its government passed through 4 distinct stages:
1. ______: rule by one person inheriting power by family succession.
2. Aristocracy: Rule by a small group of ______.
3. ______: Rule by one person, the tyrant, who seized power.
4. ______: rule by an assembly in which citizens could vote.
*The struggle for power was often influenced by the plight of farmers.
- Two aristocrats worked for reforms that led to democracy:
1. ______: created written laws with severe punishments.
2. ______: improved the legal system and expanded participation in the Assembly.
Persian Wars and the Peloponnesian Wars
Essential Knowledge
- Persian wars united the Greeks against an external enemy. Victories at ______and Salamis left Greeks in control of the ______area.
-Causes of the Peloponnesian War
1. Athenian dominance of Greek city-states in the ______.
2. Sparta’s competition with ______for control.
-Effects of the Peloponnesian War
1. ______Period ended
2. Greece left vulnerable to invasion
3. Cultural development arrested/stopped
Golden Age of Pericles
Essential Knowledge
- ______developed a democracy where all adult male citizens had an equal voice in government.
- Pericles rebuilt Athens after its destruction in the Persian Wars---the ______is an example of this reconstruction.
- Athens, under Pericles, created the Delian League, an alliance of Greek city states, as a defense against external enemies.
Greek Contributions
-The contributions of Greek Philosophers (including Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle), playwrights, poets, historians, sculptors, architects, scientists, and mathematicians.
Essential Knowledge
-Contributions of the Ancient Greeks:
1. Philosophy: ______, Plato, ______
2. Drama: Aeschylus, Euripides
3. Poetry: ______
4. History: Herodotus
5. Architecture: Parthenon and Columns
a. ______
b. ______
c. ______
6. Science: Archimedes, ______(medicine)
7. Mathematics: Euclid (Geometry), ______
Alexander the Great
- The conquest of Greece by ______, and the spread of Hellenistic culture by Alexander the Great.
Essential Knowledge
- Phillip II of Macedonia conquered most of Greece, and his son, ______, conquered the Persian Empire, extending his influence from Macedonia/Greece to the Indus River Valley.
- Alexander carried Greek (______) culture to conquered territories.
1. Conquered people ______Greek culture with their own.
2. ______was spoken by leaders throughout Mesopotamia and Egypt.
3. The Hellenistic Age lasted until the rise of the ______.
Geography
- The influence of geography on Roman economic, social, and political development.
Essential Knowledge:
- Location on the Italian ______created a natural crossroads for trade, cultural exchange, and conquest in the ______basin.
- The ______provided Italy protection from invading forces, as did the peninsula.
Mythology and Religion
- Roman mythology and religion
Essential Knowledge:
- Roman mythology was based on a ______religion that was integral to Ancient Rome’s culture, politics, and art.
- Many realized images, literary and political symbols, and political vocabulary in modern Western culture are derived from Ancient Roman mythology.
- Roman gods and goddesses were based on ______.
Roman gods and goddesses
· Jupiter
· Juno
· Neptune
· Apollo
· Mars
· Venus
Social and Political Structure
- The social structure, significance of citizenship, and the development of democratic features on the government of the Roman Republic.
Essential Knowledge:
Social classes in the Roman Republic
· ______: nobility (few in number)
· ______: majority of population consisting of landowners, townspeople, merchants, and small farmers.
· ______: people forced into servant classes by conquest Citizenship was held by all patricians and plebeians and extended to a few aliens as a privilege. All citizens could be vote but had the responsibility to pay taxes and serve in military.
Two ______were elected by the Assembly to serve Rome for one year. They could veto decisions made by the Assembly.
Representation: Patricians served in the Senate and Assembly. Plebeians served as______, later gaining right to make the laws of Rome. The laws of Rome were codified as the Twelve Tables.
Roman Domination of Mediterranean Basin
- Roman military domination of the Mediterranean basin and Western Europe and the spread of Roman culture in these areas.
Essential Knowledge:
- Three ______were fought between Rome and Carthage with ______invading Rome at one point. The wars led to development of a powerful Roman navy and the destruction of______.
- With the defeat of Carthage, Rome was unchallenged in the Western Mediterranean Sea leading to the conquest of Western Europe.
- Conquest of lands around the Eastern Mediterranean spread ______culture, expanded trade, changed the character of the Roman army, and created great wealth.
Standard 8.4e,f
- The roles of Julius and Augustus Caesar and the impact of military conquests on they army, economy, and social structure of Rome.
- The collapse of the Republic and the rise of imperial monarchs.
Essential Knowledge
______led Rome in the conquest of Gual and the British Isles. Civil war between Caesar and the ______made Julius Caesar dictator from life.
Causes for the decline of the Roman Republic
- Spread of slavery in the agricultural system
- Migration of small farmers into cities and unemployment
- Civil war over the power of Julius Caesar
- Devaluation of Roman currency; ______
Augustus Caesar became the first ______of Rome after he defeated ______.
Reasons for the rise of Imperial Rome
- Civil war, giving rise to Augustus Caesar
- Failure to provide for the succession of emperors.
Both Caesars enlarged the Roman Empire and used ______as the basis for power.
Economic life in Rome remained prosperous even though the emphasis of trade shifted to Mediterranean basin. Inflation resulting from military conquests and defense continued to plague the economy.
Social life was disturbed by civil wars.
Standard 8.4g
- The economic, social, and political impact of the Paz Romana.
Essential Knowledge
Economic impact of the Roman Empire
- Established uniform system of money, enhancing trade
- Guaranteed safe travel and trade on ______
- Promoted prosperity and stability
Social Impact
- Returned stability to social classes.
- Increased emphasis on the family
Political Impact
- Created a civil service
- Developed a uniform rule of ___
The uniform application of law provided a foundation for law in nations that developed in ______
Standard 8.4h
- the origin, traditions, customs, beliefs, and spread of Christianity.
Essential Knowledge
Christian beliefs
- _____ God
- Jesus as Son of God
- Life after death
- Church recognition of all who believe
- All people equal before God
Christianity established by
- Writings and teachings of apostles and missionaries
- Religious assemblies (Council of ______)
Conflicts with Empire
- Monotheism was in conflict with ______.
- Persistence of early Christians led to persecution (Nero).
- ______converted to Christianity and ended persecution.
- Christianity became the official religion of the ______.
Standard 8.4i
- the origin, traditions, customs, beliefs, and spread of Judaism.
Essential Knowledge
Judaism
- _____ God
- God’s ______with the Hebrews as the Chosen People
- ______regarded as the moral and religious laws of conduct.
Important people of Judaism
- ______
- ______
Contributions of Judaism to modern Western Civilization
- Monotheism
- Ten Commandments
- ______
- All people equal before the law
Standard 8.4j
- the development and significance of the Catholic Church in the late Roman Empire.
Essential Knowledge
Organization of the Roman Catholic Church
- ______(Pope) was leader of the church.
- Bishops directed the church in religious districts.
- Priests served the church in the parish.
As civil authority declined the Roman Empire, the church sustained public life through its moral authority. Gradually, people gave their first loyalty to the church rather than to Rome.
Standard 8.4k
- Contributions in art and architecture, technology and science, literature and history, language, religious institutions, and law.
Essential Knowledge
Rome adopted and extended Greek achievements in religion, philosophy, architecture, arts and science.
Contributions of Rome
- Art/Architecture: Pantheon,
Coliseum, Forum
- Technology: roads, aqueducts
- Language: Latin, Romance languages
- Literature: ______
- Religion: Roman mythology
- Law: ______, “innocent until proven guilty.”
Roman architecture has been reproduced in Western building. Roman ______has provided imagery in Western art and literature.
Standard 8.4l
- the reasons for the decline and fall of the Roman Empire.
Essential Knowledge
Causes for the decline of the Roman Empire
- Economy: the cost of defense and devaluation of Roman coin.
- Military: changes in army membership and discipline
- ______: people’s loss of faith in Rome and the family
- Political problems: imperial succession and civil conflict
- Invasion: ______
Divided empire
______divided the Empire into the eastern and western regions.
Constantine sought to reform the Empire, building a great capital at Byzantium and renaming it ______
Rome ceased to have a Roman emperor in ______.