The Cultural Landscape, 12e (Rubenstein)
Chapter 3: Migration Chapter 4: Folk and Popular Culture
1) The ability to move either temporarily or permanently is best described by the term
A) migration.
B) mobility.
C) circulation.
D) voluntary migration.
E) nomadism.
2) A country has net in-migration if immigration numbers
A) equal emigration numbers.
B) exceed emigration numbers.
C) correlate with phase 4 of the population transition.
D) are less than net migration numbers.
E) correlate with stage 3 of the epidemiological transition.
3) Wilbur Zelinsky's model of migration predicted
A) women are more likely to migrate than men.
B) long migration distances are more likely than short.
C) migration characteristics vary with the demographic transition.
D) intraregional migration is more important than interregional migration in terms of political and economic resources.
E) migrants move most frequently for economic reasons.
4) "Snow bird" (individuals who reside in the north during the summer and move south in the winter) movement from north to south
A) is specific to the United States' elderly population.
B) demonstrates an environmental pull factor.
C) represents counterurbanization.
D) demonstrates a cultural pull factor.
E) represents internally displaced retirees.
5) A physical feature, such as a body of water, might actually aid transportation and migration because ocean travel may be easier than overland travel. However, if that physical feature hinders migration, it is an example of
A) an environmental push factor.
B) a forced migration.
C) an intervening obstacle.
D) a cultural pull factor.
E) an environmental incentive.
6) The transfer of money by migrants to family or community members in their country of origin is
A) a visa tax.
B) a form of global aid.
C) reimbursement for travel.
D) a remittance.
E) required to return home.
7) The world's remittance economy is
A) insignificant in total dollar amounts transferred.
B) restricted only to U.S. remittances.
C) is reduced by heavy taxation of immigrants.
D) often impossible because banks are expressly prohibited from transferring these electronic funds.
E) a half-trillion dollar industry.
8) Immigrants to the United States
A) are typically under the age of 15.
B) are typically over the age to 65.
C) are males between the ages of 16 and 20.
D) are females between the ages of 16 and 20.
E) are typically between the ages of 20 and 39.
9) Since the 1990s, the largest group of unauthorized immigrants from Mexico are
A) females.
B) males.
C) children.
D) retirees.
E) two-parent families.
10) Brain drain is
A) the large-scale emigration of talented people.
B) the process by which people are given reference for migration.
C) people forced to migrate for political reasons.
D) a cultural feature that hinders migration.
E) a net decline in literacy.
11) Ellis Island
A) was the subject of a territorial dispute between New York and New Jersey.
B) was originally claimed by France but given to the United States along with the Statue of Liberty.
C) is still in use today as an immigration gateway to the United States.
D) is the actual location of the Statue of Liberty.
E) is not truly an island because it is joined to the mainland by a narrow strip of land.
12) The migration transition model predicts that international migration reaches a peak at ______of the demographic transition.
A) stage 1
B) stage 2
C) stage 3
D) stage 4
E) stage 5
13) Which of the following people would you predict to be most likely to engage in voluntary migration in the near future?
A) a teenaged girl whose family's home has just been destroyed by a volcanic eruption, which has also rendered the entire valley uninhabitable
B) a youth whose village has been targeted by anti-rebel groups in a civil war
C) the dictator of a nation-state whose corruption was instrumental in winning another election
D) a youth whose parents have just been murdered because they helped form a labor union in a traditionally exploited province of a developing country
E) a teenaged girl in China whose rural family would like to plan to send a younger sibling to college in the future
14) A Syrian family migrated from Syria through Turkey to Greece without immigration documents. Although Greece does not grant the family refugee status and they face the risk of deportation, theirs is a case of international and ______migration.
A) forced
B) human rights
C) voluntary
D) economic
E) transitional
15) Several million Irish and Germans migrated in the 1840s primarily because
A) of the Black Plague.
B) of disastrous economic conditions brought on by government policy and displacement by the Industrial Revolution.
C) of poor environmental conditions including massive flooding.
D) of religious freedom.
E) Russian imperial advances threatened their livelihoods.
16) The greatest total number of foreign-born residents can be found in
A) China.
B) Australia.
C) Germany.
D) the United Kingdom.
E) the United States.
17) Most migrants to the United States during the early twentieth century came from which part of Europe?
A) central
B) north and west
C) south and east
D) south and west
E) north and east
18) The largest number of both legal and undocumented immigrants to the United States come from what country?
A) Cuba
B) Mexico
C) the Philippines
D) South Korea
E) Dominican Republic
19) The diffusion of social media has threatened
A) popular culture and folk culture relatively equally.
B) the folk customs of only a few isolated communities.
C) the spread of the international banking system.
D) folk culture more than popular culture.
E) folk culture, but only in the largest cities on each continent.
20) Because Facebook was introduced into social media in the twenty-first century, we can expect its diffusion to
A) supplant the role of television in advancing popular culture.
B) follow a hierarchical diffusion path wherein the most populous countries will be the earliest adopters.
C) reduce the U.S. share of worldwide Facebook users as more and more countries adopt the Facebook technology.
D) be embraced by all the world's national leaders.
E) follow a relocation diffusion path only.
21) The organization "Freedom on the Net"
A) measures the level of internet and digital freedom across 65 countries.
B) measures the purchasing power of 16 - 25 year olds in the United States.
C) measures the ability of political prisoners to gain access to social media.
D) measures the ability of U.S. military personnel to use social media while on duty.
E) measures the use of technology in classrooms.
22) A practiced folk culture that represents a syncretism between the old and the new is
A) agglomeration.
B) assimilation.
C) acculturation.
D) attitude bias.
E) anti-globalization.
23) If your ancestors migrated to the United States during the 1840s and 1850s, barring any other evidence, you might strongly suspect that they originated in
A) Norway or England.
B) Ireland or Germany.
C) Italy or Poland.
D) Spain or Portugal.
E) Russia or Bulgaria.
24) The largest numbers of Europeans migrated to the United States primarily because of
A) the Industrial Revolution which displaced rural workers and precipitated population growth.
B) decreased political stability as European countries were wracked by revolutions.
C) political and religious freedom.
D) the Homestead Act.
E) government policies seeking to "Europeanize" society.
25) Norwegians were most likely to migrate to the United States
A) prior to 1840.
B) during the 1840s and 1850s.
C) during the 1880s and 1890s.
D) during the U.S. Civil War.
E) between 1900 and 1915.
26) According to the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act, undocumented immigrants were
A) permitted to become legal residents by participating in an application process.
B) automatically transformed into U.S. citizens in a blanket "amnesty."
C) encouraged to remain in Mexico because of shortages of workers.
D) no longer eligible for public services in the United States.
E) established as guest workers following the German model.
27) The U.S. center of population has moved steadily to the
A) east.
B) north.
C) south.
D) west.
E) center.
28) The opening of the U.S. interior in the early 1800s was facilitated by
A) the completion of the transcontinental railway.
B) the pull factor of gold.
C) the pull factor of hydroelectric projects and controlled irrigation programs.
D) the Erie Canal.
E) government mandated relocation.
29) From the discussions of demographic changes within the United States we can deduce that the largest level of interregional migration in the United States was caused by the
A) arrival of Europeans and their wars with Native Americans beginning in the 1600s.
B) unauthorized immigration from Latin America, especially in the 1900s.
C) immigration of Asians beginning in the early twentieth century, despite the Chinese Exclusion Acts.
D) opening up of the western territories to settlement.
E) industrial development in the northeast, particularly at the outset of the Industrial Revolution.
30) Which of the following is NOT true regarding interregional migration?
A) Canadian interregional movement shifted west to east given its large Pacific Rim community.
B) Soviet Russia's interregional migration was largely orchestrated by government policies to develop economic centers near resource rich areas.
C) Brazilian interior development was orchestrated by the planned city development of Brasilia and flexible land use policies in the Amazon.
D) China's rural to urban movement, up until recently, had been restricted through government policies.
E) Russia's current interregional migration patterns are representative of less government mandated relocation and economic policies.
31) Which is a current intraregional migration trend in the United States?
A) rural to urban
B) urban to suburban
C) metropolitan to nonmetropolitan
D) net emigration from the northeast
E) seasonal migration in winter months
32) Rural to urban migration beginning in the 1800s in the United States was an outgrowth of
A) the Homestead Act.
B) the establishment of the University system.
C) a demographic shift in family size.
D) the Industrial Revolution.
E) food imports.
33) Counterurbanization is
A) moving from an urban core to suburban areas.
B) due to expanding suburbs.
C) migration to rural areas and small towns from central cities or suburbs.
D) the trend of the elderly retiring to communities in southern states such as Arizona or Florida.
E) the decline of the inner-city infrastructure.
34) Suburbanization
A) has reduced urban area but increased rural area.
B) has expanded urban territory but reduced population density.
C) has increased population density in city centers.
D) has resulted in the wholesale abandonment of urban environments.
E) has only occurred in North America.
35) Which of the following events would be considered a migration pull factor?
A) revolutionary takeover of a government
B) failed harvest
C) flooding of a river
D) opening of a new factory
E) civil war
36) Refugees migrate most often because of which type of push factor?
A) economic
B) environmental
C) cultural
D) circulation
E) political
37) Clothing worn in folk cultures is usually selected based on
A) the choice of clothing neighboring communities make.
B) the mandates of the local government.
C) the edicts of the local religious organization.
D) agriculture practices and climatic conditions.
E) availability of cloth.
38) The diffusion of jeans is a good example primarily of the
A) diffusion of popular culture.
B) adoption of unique folk culture.
C) impact of high income on clothing habits.
D) opposition to globalization.
E) increasing incidence of synthetic textiles replacing natural fibers.
39) The choice of clothing in Western countries is strongly influenced by
A) occupation but not level of income.
B) level of income but not occupation.
C) knowledge of fashion elsewhere, as well as the level of folk culture.
D) occupation, income, and knowledge of fashion elsewhere.
E) fashion only.
40) The UNHCR (United Nations High Commission for Refugees) identified 3 groups forced to migrate for political reasons. Who are they?
A) refugees, IDPs, asylum seekers
B) refugees, political prisoners, those displaced by earthquakes and tsunamis
C) asylum seekers, guest workers, IDPs
D) IDPs, refugees, indigenous persons
E) refugees, political exiles, indigenous persons
41) The Trail of Tears represented for America's indigenous population
A) legally mandated forced migration.
B) voluntary relocation fraught with high death tolls.
C) forced relocation of male family members.
D) voluntary relocation of male family members.
E) legally mandated forced relocation of children to new schools in the west.
42) Which of the following is an historical example of a cultural push factor?
A) The U.S. government's policy of relocating the North America's indigenous population to reservations in the West based on ethnic difference.
B) The British government allowed most of the population of Montserrat to migrate elsewhere in the 1990s after volcanic eruptions devastated large parts of the island.
C) Many European farmers in the late 1800s chose to migrate to North America, as well as to Latin American countries where they felt that political and economic conditions would favor them.
D) Changing climates likely encouraged the early migrations of hunter-gatherers.
E) The United States actively sought Mexican agricultural laborers during and after World War II.
43) U.S. quota laws from the 1920s until the 1960s had the effect of
A) virtually ending immigration.
B) indirectly causing two world wars.
C) dramatically increasing immigration from around the world.
D) ensuring the majority of migrants continued to be from Europe.
E) increasing the possibility of migration from regions previously prohibited.
44) Most Asian migration to the United States is through the process of
A) expansion diffusion.
B) brain drain.
C) chain migration.
D) undocumented immigration.
E) global circulation.
45) A number of localities along the U.S. southern border have passed local resolutions supporting more rights for unauthorized immigrants; this is a movement known as
A) Amnesty International.
B) the Matamoros Agreement.
C) NAFTA.
D) Sanctuary City.
E) Safe Passages.
46) Which of the following is the best example of a state government attempting to limit migration?
A) requiring police to stop cars that are driven by people who may be immigrants
B) requiring police to ask for citizenship documents after they have arrested someone
C) requiring immigrants to pay higher college tuition
D) allowing politicians to make anti-immigrant statements to the news media
E) allowing thousands of people to march either to support or oppose reforms to immigration legislation
47) The body of customary beliefs, social forms and material traits that constitute a group's distinct traditions would best describe a specific population's
A) folklore.
B) political agenda.
C) culture.
D) education system.
E) religious organization.
48) The frequent repetition of an act, to the extent that it becomes characteristic of a group of people, is a
A) custom.
B) popular culture.
C) habit.
D) taboo.
E) character trait.
49) In contrast to folk culture, popular culture is typical of large and
A) homogeneous groups.
B) heterogeneous groups.
C) groups living in isolated rural areas.
D) groups that have little interaction with other groups.
E) groups of specialists.
50) Cultural diversity is promoted by
A) the relative isolation of a group from others.
B) globalization.
C) the rapid movement of goods and services across borders.
D) expansion diffusion.
E) the connections between homogeneous groups.
ESSAYS
ANSWER TWO OF THE ESSAYS BELOW
USE ATLEAST FIVE(5) CLEAR AND CONCISE SENTENCES FOR EACH
YOU MAY WRITE THE ANSWERS ON THE BACK OF THE QUIZ OR USE ANOTHER PAPER
-What is the difference between a custom and a habit?
-What is one of the major differences in the origin of a popular culture compared to a folk culture?
-How does the process of diffusion of a popular custom contrast with that of a folk custom?
- How do the mountains (Himalayas, Hindu Kush, and Karakoram Range) of East and South Asia account for the diversity of cultures in these regions?
- Why are cultural geographers especially interested in the use of leisure time across regions?
- Some countries prohibit Muslim women from wearing the Burqa and Niqab in public while other countries legally mandate it. What are the arguments for and against the diffusion of this clothing practice?
- Name three of the six countries in which television technology originally developed.
- The OpenNet Initiative and Freedom on the Net have identified several countries that restrict social media. Given your understanding of the governments of Syria, Iran and China explain why these countries are identified as being the most aggressive in their restrictions.
- The United States' immigration philosophy for a long period of time was the "Melting Pot" which speaks to assimilation. Canada's philosophy has been multiculturalism which speaks to acculturation. Describe the difference between these two terms.
- What was the pull factor that explains the Amish settlements from Lancaster, Pennsylvania west to Iowa and Missouri and now south to Kentucky?
- Why do promoters of popular customs, such as fast-food restaurants, seek to create a uniform landscape appearance?