Robber BarronsAndrew Carnegie Vertical Integration
Chinese Exclusion ActNativism Social Darwinism
Ellis Island Angel Island Industrial
Agricultural Slavery Jim Crow
Trusts Labor Unions Child Labor
Americanize Immigration Quotas
The Civil War tore the nation apart over the issue of slavery and states rights. Since the founding of the U.S., the economy and culture developed along sectional lines with the North pursuing an ______wage labor economy and the South an ______slave labor economy. The victory of the North gave the industrial economy the benefit of free market development as the U.S. moved Westward after the war. ______would become abolished with the 13th Amendment, but the promise of equal citizenship embedded in the 14th-15th Amendments would remain elusive as ______laws established segregation and second class citizenship across the South.
In the North, ______, or powerful industrialists would transform the nation and lead a second industrial revolution that would make the U.S. the wealthiest nation in the world by World War I. Men like John D. Rockefeller and ______established monopolies in new industries that made them incredibly wealthy. In the steel industry, Carnegie developed ______, which allowed him to control all parts of the production process from iron mining, to manufacturing steel in factories, to transporting finished products to market. This was a period of fierce competition where a handful of titans of industry were able to dominate entire industries. Through the establishment of ______and other ruthless business practices they eliminated the competition which benefits consumers in the free market. Many pro-business people saw society as a struggle for the “survival of the fittest”. These ______wanted a laissez faire government that let businesses operate without regulation. On the other hand, ______and many progressives thought that workers and the poor needed support. These groups organized to promote better working conditions and higher pay. They helped to outlaw ______by the beginning of the twentieth century.
The industrial boom was fueled by cheap labor that came to the U.S. through Asian and South Eastern European immigration. Between 1880 and 1910, millions of Immigrants came through ______in New York and ______in California to find their “American Dream”. This lead to conflict with ______, who believed that immigrants were taking jobs and lowering the wages of native-born Americans. They put pressure on foreign-born people to ______and assimilate to “American” culture. They also worked to restrict immigration. The ______in 1882 was the first legislation to outlaw a group of immigrants to come to the U.S. Immigration would slow down during WWI and in the 1920s the Red Scare and the rise of the KKK would lead to ______that severely restricted immigration from non-Western Europeans until 1965.
U.S. ImperialismOpen Door Policy Spanish American War Hawaii Raw Materials
Theodore Roosevelt Big Stick Policy William Taft anti-imperialists
Woodrow Wilson Dollar Diplomacy Latin America Monroe Doctrine
Moral Diplomacy Native Americans Mexicans Atlantic Philippines
Panama Canal China Manifest Destiny Pacific Democracy
With the expansion of the economy due to industrialization, and the closing of the Western Frontier, the U.S. began to look overseas for ______and new markets. Throughout the 19th century Europeans used their technological advantages to colonize the African continent and many parts of Asia. The U.S. focused its political and economic expansion in North America and displaced ______from across the continent and ______from the South West in wars of aggression. In 1898, during the ______the U.S. would for the first time embark on overseas expansion and become a global imperialist power.
The focus of U.S. imperialism between 1898 and the start of WWI in 1914 was protecting U.S. business interests in ______, and strengthening U.S. trade in the Pacific. Since the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848 brought California into the union, the U.S. saw itself in a unique position to be the world’s only two-ocean imperial power. Many expansionists viewed imperialism as part of America’s ______to spread Western culture and industrial progress across the continent and eventually the world. The U.S. purchased Alaska from Russia in 1867 and annexed ______in 1898. Hawaii is an island in a strategic location for shipping across the Pacific, and U.S. control over the island ensured coaling stations and access to important tropical agricultural products like sugar. In ______, the U.S. pursued the ______to create equal trading rights for U.S. businesses in the lucrative Asian market. In order, to strengthen U.S. trade in the region many imperialists felt overseas colonial possessions were a necessity and promoted an aggressive foreign policy against Europe’s weakest imperial power. The Spanish American War was fought in both the Caribbean and the ______and ended in a U.S. victory. Despite, the desire of colonized peoples for independence, the U.S. established the right to intervene in Cuba, acquired Puerto Rico as a colony of the U.S. and created a protectorate in the Philippines. Imperialist expansion created many questions about the nature of American identity and our national morality. If the U.S. is a ______, how can it subjugate other peoples and nations? For some ______U.S. expansion overseas was an example of U.S. hypocrisy, for others, the inclusion of Latin American and Philippine peoples in the fabric of the U.S. were a threat to the “Anglo-Saxon” roots of white Americans.
______is the President most closely associated with imperialist America. His ______focused on the use of military force where diplomacy failed to promote U.S. national interests. He supported a revolution in Panama from Columbia, in order to gain the access to the land to build the ______. The canal was an incredible engineering feat that allowed ships to pass from the ______to ______oceans without sailing around South America. The U.S. was finally able to exert military and economic domination over the Caribbean and Central America and end the threat of further European colonization in the Americas. Roosevelt added a corollary to the ______, which stated that the Americas are closed to European colonization and are a part of the U.S. sphere of influence. William Howard ______would expand on this policy with ______that focused on the expansion of U.S. business interests in Latin America. Woodrow Wilson continued U.S. intervention in the region, even though his ______stressed the importance of free trade and self-determination.
World War IFourteen Points Lusitania Schenck V. U.S. anarchists
League of Nations “Safe for Democracy” Woodrow Wilson British blockade
Red Scare Neutral Treaty of Versailles limited
Zimmerman Telegram rejected isolationism submarine warfare
______Moral diplomacy focused on the U.S. spreading democracy around the world. His idealistic vision of U.S. foreign policy would be tested in World War I. The U.S. remained ______during the first three years of the conflict. It was a devastating war between Europeans two great alliances over empire and national pride. The U.S. was safely across the Atlantic Ocean and many Americans felt no need to intervene in the conflict. Many U.S. businesses and farmers flourished in trade with the Triple Entente, but the ______denied U.S. ships access to Germany who also wanted food and ammunition. In response to the blockade the German’s used ______to attack ships carrying weapons to Europe. One such ship was the ______, which a German U-boat sunk in 1915 killing 1,198 people, including 118 Americans. Unrestricted submarine Warfare by the Germans, together with the ______eventually pushed the U.S. into the war on the side of the British and French. Wilson proclaimed the U.S. would fight to make the “World ______”.
The U.S. helped to break the stalemate on the Western Front and after Germany’s surrender Wilson traveled to Paris to help shape the ______. As part of Wilson’s ______, he wanted to create a lasting peace based on the principles of free trade, self-determination, and the creation of a ______. Wilson ended up compromising with Britain and France on territorial divisions and the punishment of Germany in order to create the League of Nations. The U.S. Senate ______the Treaty of Versailles because of the fear that the League would drag the U.S. into more foreign wars. After World War I the U.S. returned to its traditional policy of ______and turned away from internationalism.
During the war, the U.S. government took emergency powers and reorganized the economy to support the war effort. Many socialists and ______were against the war and attempted to protest the war machine. In ______, the Supreme Court decided that civil liberties, such as freedom of speech and the right to protest are ______during a time of war. The restrictions of civil liberties would continue after the war with the hunt for communists during the ______.
Roaring Twenties Part ILaissez-Faire “Business of America is Business” Harding
Immigration Quotas Red Scare Palmer Raids
Automobile Teapot Dome Scandal Popular Culture
Calvin Coolidge Assembly Line Sacco & Vanzetti
As World War I ended, the demand for U.S. products in Europe decreased, and the U.S. entered the 1920s in a recession. The nation turned its back on Europe and Wilson’s internationalism, and wanted as the new Republican President ______termed it, “A Return to Normalcy”. The new decade would lead to an incredible growth in prosperity with pro-business ______policies in government. Successive Republican presidencies by Harding, Coolidge and Hoover would preside over incredible industrial growth through cutting taxes and spending cuts on government. Innovations in manufacturing were pioneered by Henry Ford’s ______and the ______revolutionized transportation. Inventions like the radio created a new ______as movies, music, and sports helped to replace regional cultures with a mass national culture. During this time big business was championed and government cracked down on labor unions and communist sympathizers. After a series of high profile bombings, the U.S. Attorney’s office launched the ______, to arrest suspected revolutionaries and deport immigrants seen as a threat to American industrial capitalism. The anti-immigrant sentiment combined with fears of the ______, after the Russian Revolution created the world’s first Communist state, increased the backlash against Southern and Eastern European immigrants. The ______case was an example of the hysteria that the business class and nativist American’s felt towards foreign-born Americans. These two Italian anarchists were found guilty of a murder and executed without compelling evidence. The nativist mentality encouraged the passing of ______that restricted the further immigration of non-Western European nations and effectively closed the borders until the mid-1960s. At the same time government corruption under the Harding administration lead to the ______, in which government lands were leased to oil companies and Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall received money for the deal. Government seemed to be in the pocket of big business, but business boomed and radical voices were silenced. President ______said, “The ______”. In 1928 President Hoover predicted permanent prosperity.
Roaring Twenties Part II18th Amendment 19th Amendment Prohibition Volstead Act Langston Hughes
Women’s Suffrage Speakeasies Bootleggers KKK jazz Zora Neale Hurston
Scopes Trial Marcus Garvey ACLU NAACP Harlem Renaissance Great Migration
The Roaring Twenties were also a period of great social tension between urban and rural America. Rural America was more traditional and they felt threatened by modern, urban Americans. They organized through groups like the ______, to restrict the social and political advancement of African Americans, Catholics and immigrants. They pursued legislation like the ______to encourage the ______of alcohol, which they saw as sinful. In Tennessee, they passed a law, which prohibited the teaching of evolution in public schools. The ______, an organization established for the protection of civil liberties, decided to challenge the law and the ______, showed the two sides of a divided America, one fundamentalist Christian and the other secular and modern.
Despite attempts to slow down social change, the sweeping changes brought about by WWI would remake America. From the South, African Americans embarked upon a ______that would last through the 1960s as millions of people left the South in search of jobs in Northern factories and increased opportunities outside of the Jim Crow South. They would move to urban centers like Chicago, Detroit, Oakland, and most-famously New York, where a ______brought together artists, musicians and other intellectuals that would popularize Black culture. ______rose to power with his call for a “Back to Africa” movement and Black Nationalism. Other organizations like the ______fought against lynching and worked for civil rights here in America. Poets like ______and female writers like ______would give a voice to African American identity for a wider audience and ______music would fill the radio waves. The Roaring Twenties were a time of hedonism as some people broke through the colored line, and many urbanites drank alcohol illegally in ______. ______like Al Capone created urban empires as masses of people broke the law and the ______was seen to be unenforceable.
Women were a big part of this societal shift as they earned the right to vote with the passage of the ______. Young women in the 1920s known as ______, embraced the modern lifestyle and freedoms made available with increased job opportunities, ______, birth control and more daring fashions that reflected their new independence. Many people thought the good times would last forever.
Great Depression/New DealHerbert Hoover Franklin D. Roosevelt Rugged Individualism Federal Reserve Stock Market Crash Credit
Bank Failures Overproduction Under-consumption AAA
Smoot-Hawley Tariff Dust Bowl New Deal speculation
CCC TVA FDIC relief
Labor Unions Social Security Brain Trust
The prosperity of the 1920s was not universal. Since WWI farmers had suffered from ______and a fall in prices. Crop prices have always lead to booms and busts, but during the good times of WWI many farmers took on loans that they could not repay during the hard times of the 1920s. Bankruptcies were further increased by the ______, a series of droughts that depleted the topsoil across the Mid West. During the Great Depression thousands of Oakies and Arkies would make their way from the Great Plains to California in search of work.
Although farmers felt the pains of overproduction and ______-______in the 1920s, the rest of America would soon feel the effects of an unsound economy. There is no single cause that lead to the dramatic drop in the economy between 1929 and 1933, but a combination of policies and circumstances lead to the greatest and most prolonged economic decline the U.S. had ever experienced. The most dramatic event that signaled the beginning of the Great Depression was the ______in October of 1929. During the 1920s a bull market lead many people to believe prosperity was permanent and ______investing encouraged banks and average Americans to bet on Wall Street profits with money they could not afford to lose. Many Americans were enjoying an increased standard of living because of the easy ______made available by low interest rates set by the ______. Wages had not increased with the expansion of business, and borrowing took the place of real earning. All bubbles burst eventually, and as people began to question the real value of the ever-rising stock market, a panic of selling lead to a loss of $85 billion of value. This loss caused many ______, and individual savings would be wiped out when the banks closed. President ______and the Federal Reserve were slow to respond to the crisis, as many conservatives believed booms and busts were a natural part of the business cycle. They underestimated the structural problems with the American economy and the philosophy of ______downplayed the suffering of many Americans.
Before the Great Depression the federal government was small and the pro-business policies of conservative Republicans dominated economic policies. Hoover attempted to strengthen the domestic economy through the ______, but higher tariffs only lead to a decrease in international trade as other nations embraced isolationism. Britain, France and the U.S. each dealt with their own domestic problems independently and were unable to work together to combat the rise of fascism in Italy and Germany, and a totalitarian Communist state in the new Soviet Union. In the Presidential election of 1932 Americans soundly rejected Hoover’s attempt to stimulate the economy through the ______, which focused on loans to big business, instead of unemployment relief and economic reforms. Hoover’s “voluntary” cooperation strategy was too slow when nearly 25% of Americans were unemployed by 1932. The nation elected New York governor ______to fix the economy.
In a flurry of activity during his first 100 days, FDR brought together a ______of academics and reformers to put in place a series of policies he called the ______. His purpose was to promote reform, recovery and ______to a nation suffering from the Great Depression. It was a liberal approach to reform the capitalist system and avoided a radical shift to the right like Hitler’s Germany or the left like Stalin’s Soviet Union. Although, FDR would be the only American President to be elected to 4 terms in office and assume emergency powers that greatly expanded the power of the Presidency, democracy would be preserved.