The Circulatory and Respiratory System
When you breathe in, your respiratory system receives fresh oxygen. The oxygen first goes into your lungs and then into the left side of your heart. It is then pumped by the heart into your blood stream. The diagram below shows the flow of oxygen and carbon dioxide pumped to the body.
Blood travels throughout your body. The heart pumps blood through a system of large and small pathways that make up the circulatory system. Blood delivers vital nutrients, oxygen, and other chemicals to every cell in your body. Once in the cells, oxygen burns nutrients to make energy. A waste gas called carbon dioxide is produced during this process.
The blood carries carbon dioxide into the right side of your heart, from which it is pumped into the lungs. When you breathe out, the carbon dioxide leaves your body through the lungs.
Add figure 1.2 page 7
Evaluation
1. Explain how you think your heart and lungs work together.______
______
______
______
2. What happens when you breathe in and out? ______
______
______
______
3. What does blood deliver? ______
______
______
4. Why is oxygen important to your body? ______
______
______
______
5. Describe the sequences of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and blood flow in your won words.
______
______
______
INSERT FIGURE 1.5 PAGE 13
Evaluation
Look at the parts of the heart and describe the importance of that part of the heart.
Vena cava ______
Right atrium______
Tricuspid valve______
Right ventricle______
Pulmonary artery______
Lungs______
Pulmonary vein______
Left atrium______
Mitral valve______
Left ventricle______
Aortic arch______
Arteries______
Capillaries______
Veins______
Why must the heart contract very strongly to pump blood from the left ventricle into the aorta? ______
Heart Rate Measuring Techniques – Taking Your Pulse Manually
Your heartbeat is the sound of the valves in your heart closing as they push blood from one chamber to another. Heart rate is the number of times the heart beats per minutes (BPM), and the pulse is the beat of the heart that can be felt in any artery that lies close to the skin.
The heart beats at different rates depending on whether your body is at rest of at work. When resting, the heart rate beats an average of 72 times per minute for high school students and an average of 85 BPM for middle school students. During strenuous physical activity, your heart rate or pulse increases, sometimes twice or more its resting rate. This is because the muscles that are working demand more blood to supply them with oxygen and other nutrients.
Heart rate is measured by counting the number of times your heart beats in one minute. Once way to determine your heart rate is to manually take your pulse.
The two most common locations used to take a pulse are the radial artery in the wrist and the carotid artery in the neck. It is best to practice locating and counting your pulse when you are at rest and again during physical activity.
Measuring the radial pulse
Place the tips of the index and second fingers of one hand on the inside wrist of the other hand. Position the fingers just below the base of the thumb to take the radial pulse at the wrist.
Include picture for taking radial pulse
Measuring the carotid pulse
Place the tips of the index and second fingers of one hand on the side of the neck just beside the windpipe.
Include picture for taking carotid pulse
Measuring your resting heart rate
Your pulse fluctuates during the day due to activity, stress, caffeine, medications, and other factors that might influence your heart rate. A resting pulse is the lowest your heart rate would go during the day. You can get your best reading when you first wake up in the morning, before any activity. Relax your body, and follow the steps below for measuring.
The following are steps to take when measuring your pulse;
· Step One: Apply light to moderate pressure with the fingers until the blood pulsing beneath the fingers is felt. If no pulse is felt, move the fingers around slightly, up or down, until a pulse is felt. Do not apply excessive pressure. This may compress the artery and distort the measurement. Once the pulse is felt, move to step two.
· Step Two: using a watch or clock with a second hand, count the number of beats felt in 30 seconds, then multiply that number by two to compute a heart rate, expressed in BPM (beats per minute).
· Measuring Heart Rate: Using a Heart Rate Monitor
· Using a heart rate monitor (HRM) is a more accurate way to monitor heart rate than manually taking your pulse at the carotid or radial pulse. An HRM detects the electronic signal of your heart beat and automatically computes the heart rate in BPM.
· Monitoring heart rate using an HRM consists of wearing a receiver watch on the wrist and a transmitter around the torso, centered across the sternum of the chest. The transmitter picks up the signals of the heart and sends them wirelessly to the watch.
· The receiver and transmitter is easy to use and is accurate. There are no wires, and you do not need to stop and do an equation. When you look at your watch, your pulse is shown. The continuous display is what makes the HRM very effective and efficient. Because of the constant, accurate feedback an HRM provides and the ease of its use, it is recommended that you sue HRMs whenever possible to ensure a quality cardiovascular workout.
· HRM Features Activity
· You will be examining some of the features and learning how to operate your watch. First, look at the watch. Typically, the watch monitor will have a window that displays different pieces of information with the push of a button. The view or data reported on the monitor is controlled by several buttons on the watch. Look at the watch you will be using to determine which buttons your monitor contains.
· You will make a comprehensive fact sheet about your watch. This will be a work in process that will help familiarize you with the functions of your watch. During, this activity, you will be filling out the table.
· In the area listed for the button, you should also record how many times you may need to press a button or buttons to perform a specific function on the watch.
Function / Button / Description/Notes· Evaluation:
1. Why is a heart rate monitor more accurate than measuring your pulse manually? ______
Measuring Heart Rate: Heart Rate Monitor Activity
Monitoring your heart rate is the right way to measure the intensity of your workout. Using an HRM allows you to do this. It is even possible to program most HRMs to beep when you heart rate falls outside of a target heart rate zone, which is the best exercise level for working your heart. So, in addition to looking at your watch to visually see the number of BPM, you can also hear the beep that indicates that you are exercising at too high or too low of a level. This beep is your signal to make the appropriate adjustment to your workout.
The purpose of this activity is to help you become more familiar with your watch and transmitter. Now that you know a little about your watch, put on the chest strap with the transmitter.
The transmitter is the part of the strap that picks up the electrical signal and translates the data, sending it to your watch monitor. The electrodes on the transmitter must directly touch your bare skin. Place it so the area with the transmitter is centered across the sternum as shown in the illustration below. The trap should fit snugly
Include picture from page 23
Place the watch on your wrist as you would a wrist watch. Your watch may already have been programmed for someone your age. Do not worry about that now. Just learn the different functions of your watch.
1. Push the red button to get a heart rate reading. This may take a few seconds, but soon you should see your heart rate number in the display on the watch.
2. There is a start button to push when you are ready for your watch to collect data. Push that button, and continue to watch your heart rate for about one minutes.
3. Perform the flowing activities, and record the heart rate shown on the watch display at the end of each activity.
Activity / Pulse as Shown on HRMEvaluation:
1. In which activity did you have the highest pulse? Why? ______
2. Do you feel you recovered from the exercise as you compared your first heart rate while you sat quietly with your last heart rate while you relaxed? Explain your answer? ______
______
3. What conclusions can you make about exercise and using a heart rate monitor? ______
______
Manually Charting Heart Rate with an HRM
Your HRM allows you to know your heart rate while resting or exercising. Your monitor takes a reading of your heart beat at set increments during your activity.
You can look down at your heart rate and see the n umber, which is what you will do in this next activity.
Chart Your Heart Rate Activity
The purpose of this activity is to help you begin to analyze how hard your heart is working while you exercise.
You will be working with a partner. One partner will use a heart rate monitor, and the other will record the results.
1. Partner one, make sure you watch and transmitter are functioning properly.
2. Push the red button to get a heart reading. This may take a few seconds, but soon you should see your heart rate number in the display on the watch.
3. There is a start button to push when you are ready for your watch to collect data. Push that button, and continue to watch your heart rate for about one minute.
4. It is not time to begin a short exercise period for six minutes. Have your recorder chart your heart rate on the table every 15 seconds.
15 seconds / 30 seconds / 45 seconds / 1 minute / 1 minute 15 seconds / 1 minute 30 seconds / 1 minute 45 seconds / 2 minutesWalk at a normal pace
Walk briskly
Job Moderately
Graph the information you collected on the next page so you can visually see whether your heart rate was going up or down. Round your actual number up to the nearest number. Shade in the cells below to number to complete the bar graph. Each number across the chart signifies a time period.
Heart Rate / 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9 / 10 / 11 / 12 / 13 / 14 / 15 / 16 / 17 / 18 / 19 / 20 / 21 / 22 / 23 / 24 / 25>190
185
180
175
170
165
160
155
150
145
140
135
130
125
120
115
110
105
100
95
90
85
80
75
<70
The Need for a Health-Related Fitness Program
The health of Americans is in a state of decline. The amount of time spent on physical or athletic activities has decreased, and illnesses and diseases related to a sedentary lifestyle have increased over the past 10 years. Health officials now indicate that two-thirds of Americans are overweight. In addition, obesity could soon pass tobacco as the nation’s number one preventable cause of death.
There are two reasons why this is happening:
1. More and more American are eating unhealthy diets.
2. Fewer are able to find the time to engage in regular physical activity.
Everyone needs a health-related fitness program. A health-related fitness program is the appropriate amount and type of physical activity that benefits your personal health. No matter what your gender, culture, or ability, health-related fitness will reduce your health risks and add quality to your life.
Risk Factors
Risk factors are conditions or behaviors that may threaten your health and well-being. Heredity determines your likelihood of developing certain diseases and disorders such as high blood pressure, heart disease, diabetes, and certain types of cancer. Your genetic makeup cannot be changed, but the risks it may pose can be reduced by maintaining a healthy lifestyle.
There are some risk factors that you cannot change, such as age, gender, or heredity. However, there are many you can control by the choices that you make. Listed below are some areas in which you can take responsibility and have a positive influence on your health.
· Physical activity
· Eating habits
· Smoking
· Alcohol and other substances
· Stress
Factors You Cannot Control / Yes / No / UnsureIs there a family history of heart disease?
Is there a family history of high blood pressure?
Is there a family history of diabetes?
Is there a family history of any other disease that may genetically affect your health? If so, list them.
Factors You Can Influence or Control / Yes / No / Unsure
Do you have enough energy to perform daily tasks?
Do you feel you are at a healthy weight?
Do you feel you eat a healthy, balanced diet?
Do you feel your muscles are tight and toned?
Do you often feel stressed?
Do you often feel fatigue?
Are you often sleepy during the day?
Do you exercise for at least 30 minutes, three or more times a week, at a moderate activity level?
Do you perform any strength or conditioning exercises at least two time a week?
Do you perform any type of stretching or flexibility exercises during the week?
If you tried to job a mile right now, would you be able to do so without walking?
Do you eat five fruits or vegetables each day?
Do you drink plenty of water each day?
In what areas are you living a healthy lifestyle? ______