Test Items Chapter 2, The Brain
Neurotransmission-
Neuropeptides= neurotransmitter that is associated with pain, pleasure, and mood…
Regulate the activity of other neurons
Affect memory
Pain
Emotion
Pleasure
Moods
Hunger
Sexual behavior
Example = Enkephalins are opiate like neuro-regulators (Neuropeptides) that relieve pain and stress.
Broca’s Area (speech center)
Located in the left, frontal lobe
Production of language
Grammar
Pronunciation
Slow labored speech
Aphasia-
Impaired ability to use language
Wernicke’s Area
Left Temporal Lobe
Processing of meaning of words,
Agnosia
Problem in processing meaning language
People can see the object but can’t name it
Somatic Nervous System
From sense organs and skeletal muscles
Controls voluntary behavior
Autonomic Nervous System-
Self governing- serves internal organs and glands
Both systems work together- emotional and involuntary behaviorInternal organs
Sympathetic
/ Parasympathetic“Emergency system”
“Fight or flight”
Arouses bodies for action / Quiets body down
Returns body to lower level of arousal after emotional event
Also- vital functions of heart rate and breathing, digestion
Reflex Arc:
Not part of the Somatic system
Spinal nerves carry sensory and motor messages to and from the spinal cord
Not to the brain
Cerebellum- regulates posture,
Coordination
Walking
Running playing catch
Muscle tone
Muscular coordination
Brain Stem:
Medulla Oblongata:
Basic survival functions
Regulating heart rate
Respiration
Blood pressure
Controls reflexes- vomiting, swallowing, sneezing
Reticular Formation- inside the Medulla
Sends messages from brain stem
Manages sleep and attentiveness
Attention and wakefulness
Selective
Keeps us vigilant and awake
The Pons connects brain and influences sleep-arousal
Reticular Activating System (RAS)
Continuously stimulates cortex
Limbic System:= Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Amygdala, Hippocampus
Strong role in producing emotion- motivated behavior
Rage
Fear
Sexual response
Intense Arousal
Also associated with pleasure (Pleasure pathways)
Drugs stimulate the limbic System
The primitive core associated with emotion
Amygdala: (Forebrain)
Close link to fear
Help us react to dangerous stimuli- through quick fear response
The Thalamus- “Switching station” for sensory messages
Vision
Hearing
Taste
Touch
Injury to Thalamus can cause loss of senses (except Smell)
Hypothalamus
A major link between the brain and glandular system
A crossroads of behavior-
Hormone release
Control center of emotion
Sex
Rage
Eating, drinking
(Directs the pituitary gland)
Hippocampus (in Temporal Lobes)
Important for forming lasting memories
Endocrine System= Hormones and behavior
Endocrine Glands serve communication
Secretes hormones into the blood or lymph system
The Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic Branch- releases hormones
Released by adrenal glandEpinephrine
(Adrenaline) / Nor-epinephrine
Associated with fear
Hormones:
Effect behavior
Effect internal behavior
Stress causes hormone output- from adrenal glands
Androgens- “male hormone”
Glands:
Pituitary:
The “Master Gland”- governs the function of the other glands:
Thyroid
Adrenal
Ovaries/Testes
Located at the base of the brain
Regulates Growth
Too much growth hormone = Acromegaly
Pineal Gland
Secrets Melatonin- regulates body rhythms & sleep
Thyroid Gland
Located in the neck
Regulates metabolism
Hyperthyroidism
Overactive thyroid
Person with tense, thin, excitable and nervous
Hypothyroidism
Under active thyroid
In adult can cause in-activity, sleeplessness, obesity, and slowness
In infant-
Leads to limited development of nervous system
And severe mental retardation
Adrenal Glands
Back of ribcage above kidneys
Adrenal Medulla is the source of Adrenalin + Nor epinephrine
Adrenal cortex
Produces Corticoids- adjust to stress-
Regulate salt balance
Secondary source of sex hormone