Gross Anatomy
Dr. Larry Mathers
Terminology – (anatomy is a language – 400-500 new terms)
Anatomic Position (palms forward) – Standard Position
Position:
Anterior / Posterior (Front / Back)
Ventral / Dorsal (Front / Back)
Superior / Inferior (Above – Below)
Lateral / Medial (Away from Midline / Close to Midline)
Proximal / Distal (Closer to Center / Further from Center)
Movement:
Flexion / Extension (Joint angle made smaller / Joint angle made bigger)
Abduction / Adduction (Move away from Midline / Move towards Midline)
Muscles:
Striated – contracting filaments (most muscles) – Voluntary / Involuntary
Smooth – lacks striations (lining of intestine, bladder, lungs, sweat, hair-No Nerves) - Involuntary
Cardiac – Striated, No Nerves required - Involuntary
Cerebellum – We think controls automatic movements – Muscle Synchronizing
Joints – Places where bones meet / Synovial – Synovial fluid – Moveable
Ligament – thick strands of connective tissue
Muscle – can contract or release
Ball & Socket Joint
Head / Neck
Arm / Forearm / Wrist / Hand
Thorax (Lungs in Pleural Sac/Heart in Pericardial Sac) / Abdomen / Pelvis
Mediastinum – place between lungs (heart, Trachea, major vessels)
Peritoneal - Abdomen & Pelvic
Thigh / Leg (below Knee) / Ankle
Nervous System:
CNS – Brain and Spinal Cord
PNS – Peripheral Nerves and Clusters of Nerves (Ganglia)
Nerves carry info to Brain or Spinal Cord
Nerve Cells:
Nucleus - Center
Dendrite - feelers
Axon – Long stand
Segmented / Covered with Myelin (conducts electrical signal Effectively)
End of Axon has knobs full of Neurotransmitters
CNS Components:
Cerebral Cortex – Thalamus, Brain Stem
Deep Tendon Reflex (Patella, Achilles, Antecubital, Back of Elbow)
Brain Modulates this reflex
Cerebellum
Spinal Corp
Sensory:
Touch / Pressure /Vibration / Hot or Cold
Pain / Special Senses
Muscles have receptors that Nerve endings release neurotransmitters to provoke response
Paralytic – Curare (Interrupt Neuro-Muscular Junction)
Vascular Supply
Amoeba – Single Cell
Morula – Cluster of cells that work with diffusion
Vascular System forms around 3 weeks after conception
Pump – (Heart)
Vessel going Out / In (Arteries, Arterioles, Capillaries, Venules, Veins)
Hemoglobin (to Carry Oxygen)
Feeds Morula cell groups
Cardio Myopathy – Damage to the Heart
CVD – Cardio Vascular Disease – Biggest Killer in USA
Blood Vessels – Cholesterol, Blood Clots
Rhythm of the Heart (electrical current)
Anastomosis - a natural or surgical joining of parts or branches of tubular structures so as to make or become continuous (Collateral Circulation – VERY LIMITED in Heart or Brain)
Amount of Collateral Blood flow can increase – if blockage is slow (over years)