Table E-2. Descriptive Data from Cohort Studies Included in the Qualitative Review Exposure

Table e-2. Descriptive data from cohort studies included in the qualitative review – Exposure to pesticides

Source (Author, year [reference]) / Ethnicity / Cohort size (cases) / Ascertainment of PD / Follow-up (years) / Age at inclusion (years) / Exposure assessment / Risk factor (pollutant) / Risk of PD (HR [95%CI]) / Adjustments / Major sources of bias / Study quality (NOS score)
Ref. 23 / Japanese America men (Honolulu-Asia Aging Study) / 6854 (99) / Medical record (hospital or offices of local neurologists) or death certificates review or neurologist-based at a later date / 27 (median) / 53 (median) / Questionnaire / Number of pesticides; according to duration of exposure: 0 years 1-10 years 11-20 years >20 years ...... Any exposure / Marginally significant (RR not reported); incidence: …………………… 7.8 6.5 8.2 12.7 (for trend, p=0.10) ...... RR=0.98 [0.66-1.45] / age / Reductions in sample size compared to the original cohort; exposure assessment (self-reported) and the use of occupation as proxy of exposure to pesticides / 8
Ref. 24 / French (Gironde and Dordogne; PAQUID study) / 1507 (24) / Self-reported (screening) and confirmed by visiting neurologists / 5 / 78,6 (SD=6,3) / Questionnaire / Pesticides / 5,63 [1,47-21,58] (men) 1,02 [0,22-4,82] (women) / smoking & education / Exposure and outcome assessment, limited cohort size and number of cases / 6
Ref. 25 / USA (Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort) / 143325 (413) / Self-reported and confirmed by direct contact with treating neurologists / 9 / Men: 63 [41-90]; Women: 62 [40-85] (median [range]) / Questionnaire / Pesticides - herbicides / 1,8 [1,3-2,5]; unrelated to the duration of exposure and being (or having been) a farmer; men: 1,8 [1,2-2,6]; women: 1,9 [1,0-3,8] / age, sex, smoking, education, coffee consumption, physical activity and NSAIDs use / Self-reported PD and exposure; exposure data were collected 10 years before (1982) the beginning of follow-up (1992) / 8
Ref. 26 / USA (Agricultural Health Study) / 56009 (78) / Self-reported / 5 / Not reported / Questionnaire / Pesticides * (mixing or applying). Ever use of any Cumulative lifetime use: 0-64 days 65-200 days 201-396 days ≥397 / ……………………………...………… 1,3 [0,5-3,3] …………………………….………….. reference 1,2 [0,5-2,6] 1,7 [0,8-3,5] 2,3 [1,2-4,5] (p=0,009 for trend) / age, state and type of participant / Inclusion (non representative population of cases; spouses as major controls source) and recall bias (exposure and PD self-reported) / 3
Ref. 27 / Swedish men (Swedish Twin Registry) / 14169 (222) / Record linkage to the National Patient and the Cause of Death Registers / 29,1 (SD=11,1) / 44,0 (SD=13,0) / Questionnaire / Pesticides / 0,9 [0,5-1,3] / age, smoking & education / Exposure assessment (self-reported; specific
compounds, quantitative levels and duration of exposure, recreational exposures) and method of case identification
(severe cases or cases with substantial co-morbidity
may be over represented in the linked registers) / 6
* Estimates for specific compounds have been also provided. Risks were elevated for some herbicides (dicamba, trifuralin, 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid and butylate), insecticides (lindane and phorate), fungicides (chlorothalonil and benomyl), and the fumigant methyl bromide.

Supplementary Table 1. Descriptive data from cohort studies included in the qualitative review – Exposure to solvents

Supplementary Table 1. Descriptive data from cohort studies included in the qualitative review – Exposure to job in agriculture

Source (Author, year [reference]) / Ethnicity / Cohort size (cases) / Ascertainment of PD / Follow-up (years) / Age at inclusion (years) / Exposure assessment / Risk factor (pollutant) / Risk of PD (HR [95%CI]) / Adjustments / Major sources of bias / Study quality (NOS score)
Ref. 22 / Danish / 2273872 (949) / Record linkage to the Central Population Register of Denmark (all first-time hospitalization due to PD as the principal diagnosis) / 13 / 20-59 (range) / Record linkage Occupational Hospitalization
Register / Work in agriculture and horticulture / 1,32 [1,11-1,56] (overall); 1,34 [1,09-1,62] (men); 1,18 [0,78-1,72] (women) / age & gender / Method of case identification
(severe cases or cases with substantial co-morbidity
may be over represented in the linked registers); no information on prevalent cases at inclusion / 6
Ref. 23 / Japanese America men (Honolulu Heart Program) / 7986 (116) / Medical record (hospital or offices of local neurologists) or death certificates review or neurologist-based at a later date / 27 (median) / 53 (median) / Questionnaire / Plantation work 1-10 years 11-20 years >20 years / ...... 1,0 [0,6-1,6] 1,7 [0,8-3,7] 1,9 [1,0-3,5] (for trend, p=.006) / age, pack-years of smoking, and coffee intake / __ / 8
Ref. 24 / French (Gironde and Dordogne; PAQUID study) / 1507 (24) / Self-reported (screening) and confirmed by visiting neurologists / 5 / 78,6 (SD=6,3) / Questionnaire / Job in agriculture / 1,62 [0,31-8,63] (men) 0,81 [0,10-6,40] (women) / smoking & education / Exposure and outcome assessment, limited cohort size and number of cases / 6

Supplementary Table 1. Descriptive data from cohort studies included in the qualitative review – Exposure to rural living