Table E-1. Study-Level Characteristics of All Studies Included in the Systematic Review
Table e-1. Study-level characteristics of all studies included in the systematic review.
StudyCountry / Year / Study Design, Case Selection / Population Characteristics / AVM Characteristics / Intervention Used / Follow-up Period / Seizure Outcome / Newcastle-Ottawa Score
Murphy
USA / 1985 / Retrospective cohort, hospital / Conservative (N): 26
Intervention (N): 20
Age:
Overall epilepsy (mean) = 23 Yrs
Sex:
Overall = 46% Female
AED at last follow-up:
Conservative = 100%
Intervention = Not reported / AVM Location:
100% supratentorial
AVM Size:
Not reported
Obliteration:
Intervention (sub-sample) = 75% / Surgical resection / Conservative = 13 Yrs
Intervention = 4.6 Yrs / Seizure freedom / 5
Josephson
Scotland / 2012 / Prospective cohort, population / Conservative (N): 21
Intervention (N): 39
Age:
Conservative (Md) = 49 Yrs
Intervention (Md) = 37 Yrs
Sex:
Conservative = 28.6% Female
Intervention = 38.5% Female
AED at last follow-up:
Conservative = 76%
Intervention = 74% / AVM Location:
Conservative = 100% lobar
Intervention = 92% lobar
AVM Size:
Median = 3.0mm
Obliteration:
Conservative = 5%
Intervention = 72% / Surgical resection, embolization, radiotherapy / 5 Yrs / Seizure freedom / 9
Osipov
USA / 1997 / Non-controlled case series / N: 92
Age:
(mean) 31.3 Yrs
Sex:
51.1% Female
AED at last follow-up:
Not reported / AVM Location:
35.9% Frontal, 33.7% Temporal, 22.2% Parietal, 6.6% Occipital, 1.1%Colossal
AVM Size:
5.4% Small, 69.6% Medium, 25.0% Large
Obliteration:
Not reported / Surgical resection, embolization / (median)
2.2 Yrs / Seizure freedom / n/a
Andrade-Souza
Canada / 2006 / Non-controlled case series / N: 27
Age:
(mean) 40 Yrs
Sex:
36.8% Female
AED at last follow-up:
70.4% / AVM Location:
Not reported
AVM Size:
(median) 8.1cm3
Obliteration:
55.6% / Sterotactic
radiosurgery / 8.58 Yrs / Seizure freedom / n/a
Cao
China / 2011 / Non-controlled case series / N: 60
Age:
(range) 9-66 Yrs
Sex:
33.3% Female
AED at last follow-up:
28.2% / AVM Location:
20.0% Frontal, 36.7%Temporal, 8.3%Parietal, 10.0% Occipital, 25.0% Multilobular
AVM Size:
8.3% Spetzler-Martin Grade I, 81.7% Grade II, 10.0% Grade III
Obliteration:
100% / Surgical resection / 7.75 Yrs / Seizure freedom / n/a
Eisenschenk
USA / 1998 / Non-controlled case series / N: 33
Age:
Not reported
Sex:
Not reported
AED at last follow-up:
Not reported / AVM Location:
Not reported
AVM Size:
Not reported
Obliteration:
Not reported / Sterotactic
radiosurgery / (at least)
2 Yrs / Seizure freedom / n/a
Englot
USA / 2012 / Non-controlled case series / N: 130
Age:
(mean) 36.6 Yrs
Sex:
40.8% Female
AED at last follow-up:
Not reported / AVM Location:
41.5% Frontal, 25.4% Temporal, 16.2% Parietal, 7.7% Occipital, 9.2% Multiple
AVM Size:
(mean) 3.1 cm
Obliteration:
Not reported / Surgical resection / 2 Yrs / Seizure freedom / n/a
Ghossoub
France / 2001 / Non-controlled case series / N: 210
Age:
(mean) 33 Yrs
Sex:
41.4% Female
AED at last follow-up:
56% / AVM Location:
Not reported
AVM Size:
Not reported
Obliteration:
Not reported / Sterotactic
radiosurgery / 4 Yrs / Seizure freedom / n/a
Heros
USA / 1990 / Non-controlled case series / N: 37
Age:
Not reported for epilepsy group
Sex:
Not reported for epilepsy group
AED at last follow-up:
47.3% / AVM Location:
27.0% Frontal, 34.6% Parietal, 38.9% Temporal, occipital = 12.5%
AVM Size:
20.4% Small (<3cm), 26.7% Medium (3-6cm), 25.0% Large (>6cm)
Obliteration:
Not reported / Surgical resection / (mean)
10.6 Yrs / Seizure freedom / n/a
Hoh
USA / 2002 / Non-controlled case series / N: 141
Age:
(mean) 40 Yrs
Sex:
44.7% Female
AED at last follow-up:
Not reported / AVM Location:
46% Temporal, 40% Nontemporal hemispheric, 22% Deep, 8% Posterior fossa
AVM Size:
24% Small (<3cm), 42% Medium (3-6cm), 53% Large (>6cm)
Obliteration:
Complete = 48.2%
Incomplete = 29.8% / Surgical resection / (mean)
2.9 Yrs
(range)
6-131 mn / Seizure freedom
(Engel score) / n/a
Hyun
Korea / 2002 / Non-controlled case series / N: 86
Age:
(median) 15-35 Yrs
Sex:
67% Female
AED at last follow-up:
Not reported / AVM Location:
39.5% Temporal, 47.7% Nontemporal superficial, 9.3% Deep, 3.5% Infratentorial
AVM Size:
30.0% Small (<3cm), 55.8% Medium (3-6cm), 8.1% Large (>6cm)
Obliteration:
Complete = 64.0%
Incomplete = 36.0% / Surgical resection / (median)
6 Yrs
(range)
3-16.2 Yrs / Seizure freedom
(modified Engel score) / n/a
Kida
Japan / 2000 / Non-controlled case series / N: 58
Age:
(mean) 33.3 Yrs
Sex:
Not reported
AED at last follow-up:
Not reported / AVM Location:
17.2% Frontal, 19.0% Temporal, 24.1% Parietal, 12.1% Occipital, 19.0% Two lobes, 3.4% Basal ganglia
AVM Size:
(mean) 22.3 mm
Obliteration:
Not reported / Stereotactic radiosurgery / (mean)
2 Yrs / Seizure freedom
(modified Engel score) / n/a
Kjellberg
USA / 1983 / Non-controlled case series / N: 24
Age:
Not reported
Sex:
Not reported
AED at last follow-up:
Not reported / AVM Location:
Not reported
AVM Size:
Not reported
Obliteration:
Not reported / Stereotactic radiosurgery / (range)
2 - 16 Yrs / Seizure freedom / n/a
Kurita
Japan / 1998 / Non-controlled case series / N: 35
Age:
(mean) 31.5 Yrs
Sex:
37.1% Female
AED at last follow-up:
75% / AVM Location:
37.1% Temporal, 62.9% Extratemporal, 60% Cortical, 40% Subcortical, 77.1% Superficial, 22.9% Deep drainage
AVM Size:
(mean) 3.9cm3
Obliteration:
Not reported / Stereotactic radiosurgery / (mean)
43 mn / Seizure freedom / n/a
Lv
China / 2010 / Non-controlled case series / N: 30
Age:
(mean) 31 Yrs
Sex:
2.7% Female
AED at last follow-up:
Not reported / AVM Location:
26.7% Frontal, 20% Temporal, 23.3% Parietal, 3.3% Occipital, 6.7% Frontotemporal, 3.3% Frontoparietal, 13.3% Tempoparietal
AVM Size:
16.7% Small (<3cm), 73.3% Medium (3-6cm), 10.0% Large (>6cm)
Obliteration:
Complete = 13.3% / Embolization / (mean)
80 mn / Seizure freedom / n/a
Pertuiset
France / 1979 / Non-controlled case series / N: 20
Age:
Overall (median) 20-39 Yrs; Not reported for epilepsy group
Sex:
Overall 37% Female; Not reported in epilepsy group
AED at last follow-up:
Not reported / AVM Location:
12.0% Anterofrontal, 25.8% Posterofrontal, 13.7% Anterotemporal, 20.5% Posterotemporal, 7.7% Sylvian/parietal, 9.2% Parieto-occipital/occipital, 2.5% Basal ganglia, 2.7% Brain stem/cerebellum, 3.4% Copus callosum, 2.5% Intraventricular
AVM Size:
Not reported
Obliteration:
Not reported / Surgical resection / (up to)
20 Yrs / Seizure freedom / n/a
Piepgras
USA / 1993 / Non-controlled case series / N: 117
Age:
Not reported
Sex:
Not reported
AED at last follow-up:
65% / AVM Location:
(Overall) 19.1% Frontal, 15.4% Temporal, 17.3% Parietal, 13.0% Occipital, 2.7% Temporo-occipital, 6.8% Parital-occipital, 13.6% Rolandic
Not reported for epilepsy group
AVM Size:
(Overall) 37.9% Small (<3cm), 44.6% Medium (3-6cm), 17.5% Large (>6cm)
Not reported in epilepsy group
Obliteration:
Not reported / Surgical resection / (mean)
7.5 Yrs / Seizure freedom / n/a
Schauble
USA / 2004 / Non-controlled case series / N: 65
Age:
(median) 40 Yrs
Sex:
42% Female
AED at last follow-up:
65% / AVM Location:
98.0% Hemispheric, 2.0% Deep
AVM Size:
(Overall) 42.0% Small (<3cm), 56.0% Medium (3-6cm), 2.0% Large (>6cm)
Not reported in epilepsy group
Obliteration:
Not reported / Stereotactic radiosurgery / 3 Yrs / Seizure freedom / n/a
Steiner
Sweden, USA / 1992 / Non-controlled case series / N: 59
Age:
Not reported
Sex:
Overall 46.6% Female: Not reported in epilepsy group
AED at last follow-up:
Not reported / AVM Location:
Not reported
AVM Size:
Not reported
Obliteration:
(Overall) 81%
Not reported in epilepsy group / Stereotactic radiosurgery / 3 Yrs / Seizure freedom / n/a
Sutcliffe
UK / 1992 / Non-controlled case series / N: 48
Age:
Overall (range) 11mn – 76 Yrs; Not reported in epilepsy group
Sex:
Not reported
AED at last follow-up:
Not reported / AVM Location:
Not reported
AVM Size:
Not reported
Obliteration:
Not reported / Stereotactic radiosurgery / (at least)
2 Yrs / Seizure freedom / n/a
Thorpe
Australia / 2000 / Non-controlled case series / N: 53
Age:
(mean) 34 Yrs
Sex:
Overall 43.0% Female; Not reported in epilepsy group
AED at last follow-up:
71.7% / AVM Location:
Not reported
AVM Size:
Overall (mean) 3.5cm
Not reported in epilepsy group
Obliteration:
Not reported / Surgical resection / (range)
22 mn –
8.5 Yrs / Seizure freedom / n/a
Yang
Korea / 2012 / Non-controlled case series / N: 86
Age:
Not reported
Sex:
Not reported
AED at last follow-up:
58.1% / AVM Location:
Not reported
AVM Size:
Not reported
Obliteration:
69.8% / Stereotactic radiosurgery / (mean)
90.2 mn / Seizure freedom / n/a
Yeh
USA / 1993 / Non-controlled case series / N: 54
Age:
(median) 31-40 Yrs
Sex:
44.4% Female
AED at last follow-up:
Not reported / AVM Location:
31.5% Temporal, 27.8% Frontal, 18.5% Parietal, 3.7% Rolandic, 3.7% Occipital, 9.3% Multilobar
AVM Size:
22.2% Small (<2cm), 35.2% Medium (2-4cm), 42.6% Large (>4cm)
Obliteration:
Not reported / Surgical resection / (mean)
4.8 Yrs / Seizure freedom / n/a
Lim
Korea / 2006 / Non-controlled case series / N: 43
Age:
(median) 35 Yrs
Sex:
25.6% Female
AED at last follow-up:
Not reported / AVM Location:
41.9% Temporal, 20.9% Frontal, 11.6% Parietal, 9.3% Occipital, 16.3% Deep seated
AVM Size:
(mean) 6.2cc
Obliteration:
Complete = 49.0%
Partial = 39.0% / Surgical resection / 9 Yrs / Seizure freedom / n/a
Korosue
Japan / 1994 / Non-controlled case series / N: 67
Age:
Unable to determine (language)
Sex:
Unable to determine (language)
AED at last follow-up:
Unable to determine (language) / AVM Location:
Unable to determine (language)
AVM Size:
24.7% Small, 37.5% Medium, 48.1% Large
Obliteration:
Unable to determine (language) / Surgical resection / (mean)
5.3 Yrs / Seizure freedom / n/a
Hyun
Korea / 2012 / Non-controlled case series / N: 86
Age:
(median) 15-35 Yrs
Sex:
20% Female
AED at last follow-up:
Not reported / AVM Location:
Unable to determine (language)
AVM Size:
16.0% <3cm, 26.0% 3-6cm, 44.0% >6cm
Obliteration:
88.4% / Surgical resection / (mean)
6.0 Yrs / Seizure freedom / n/a
Zeiler
Canada / 2011 / Non-controlled case series / N: 20
Age:
Overall (mean) 38.6 Yrs; Not reported for epilepsy group
Sex:
Overall 43.5% Female; Not reported for epilepsy group
AED at last follow-up:
55.0% / AVM Location:
Not reported
AVM Size:
Overall (mean) 4.7 cm3
Not reported in epilepsy group
Obliteration:
Overall 61.0%
Not reported in epilepsy group / Sterotactic
radiosurgery / 3.0 Yrs / Seizure freedom / n/a
LaFeuvre
South Africa / 2007 / Non-controlled case series / N: 22
Age:
Not reported
Sex:
Not reported
AED at last follow-up:
Not reported / AVM Location:
Not reported
AVM Size:
Overall 38.1% 0-3cm, 22.2% 3-6cm , 12.7% >6cm Not reported in epilepsy group
Obliteration:
Not reported / Embolization, Stereotactic radiosurgery, and resective surgery / 71.5 patient Yrs / Seizure freedom / n/a
Bowden
USA / 2014 / Non-controlled case series / N: 36
Age:
Overall (mean) 38 Yrs; Not reported in epilepsy group
Sex:
Overall 46% Male; Not reported in epilepsy group
AED at last follow-up:
Not reported / AVM Location:
Not reported
AVM Size:
Overall 30.0% Spetzler-Martin Grade II, 49.0% Spetzler-Martin Grade III , 18.0% Spetzler-Martin Grade IV, 2.2% Spetzler-Martin Grade VI; Not reported in epilepsy group
Obliteration:
Overall 49.4%; Not reported in epilepsy group / Stereotactic radiosurgery / (median)
5.3 Yrs / Seizure freedom / n/a
Ding
USA / 2014 / Non-controlled case series / N: 80
Age:
Overall (mean) 32.2 Yrs; Not reported in epilepsy group
Sex:
Overall 51.3% male; Not reported in epilepsy group
AED at last follow-up:
Not reported / AVM Location:
Not reported
AVM Size:
Spetzler-Martin Grade III
Obliteration:
Overall 69.4%; Not reported in epilepsy group / Stereotactic radiosurgery / (median)
4.5 Yrs / Seizure freedom / n/a
Rozhchenko
Russia / 2013 / Non-controlled case series / N: 47
Age:
(range) 17-62 Yrs
Sex:
Not reported
AED at last follow-up:
Not reported / AVM Location:
Not reported
AVM Size:
Not reported
Obliteration:
66.0% total; 34.0% partial / Embolization / 3 Yrs / Seizure freedom / n/a
Wang
USA / 2013 / Non-controlled case series / N: 49
Age:
(mean) 27.6 Yrs
Sex:
30.6% male
AED at last follow-up:
41.2% / AVM Location:
51.0% Frontal, 30.6% Temporal, 30.6% Parietal, 8.2% Occipital
AVM Size:
20.0% Spetzler-Martin Grade I, 37.8% Spetzler-Martin Grade II , 33.3% Spetzler-Martin Grade III, 8.9% Spetzler-Martin Grade IV
Obliteration:
44.9% / Embolization, Stereotactic radiosurgery, and resective surgery / (mean)
3.2 Yrs / Seizure freedom / n/a