Table 1. Time-weighted chronic exposure level to toluene from background sources based on Monte-Carlo simulations (@RISK output)
Background sources / Concentration (g/m3,), Uniform Distribution / Time spend in microenvironment (1/day), Beta Distributionmin / max / Adult men / Adult women
/ / /
Outdoor Total / 3 / 43 / 0.031 / 0.0062 / 0.028 / 0.0056
Home Indoor / 3 / 43 / 0.563 / 0.1126 / 0.604 / 0.1208
Work Indoor / 25 / 69 / 0.261 / 0.0523 / 0.233 / 0.0466
Other Indoor / 15 / 74 / 0.056 / 0.0133 / 0.057 / 0.0113
Transit No Car / 3 / 43 / 0.056 / 0.0133 / 0.053 / 0.0106
Car/Taxi / 3 / 545 / 0.033 / 0.0065 / 0.025 / 0.0051
Time-weighted average concentration (g/m3) / 38.756 / 10.547 / 35.998 / 9.673
*approx 20%
Table 2. Aggregate chronic exposure of adult men population based on Monte Carlo simulations(@RISK output)
Scenarios relevant for chronic exposure / Background time- weighted concentration / Event mean concentration / Frequency of events per year / Duration of exposure / Annual mean concentrationMonte Carlo simulation / Lognormal Distribution / Beta Distribution / Uniform Distribution / Lognormal Distribution
/ / / / / / /
(g/m3) / (mg/m3) / (events/year/365) / (hours/event/24) / (mg/m3)
Rotogravure magazine reading / 38.45 / 10.69 / 8.100 / 0.069 / 0.285 / 0.142 / 0.083 / 0.193 / 0.070
Rotogravure magazine in surrounding / 38.94 / 10.40 / 0.583 / 0.008 / 1.000 / 0.500 / 0.125 / 0.065 / 0.007
Sum + Background: / 0.30 / 0.07
*approx 20%
Table 3. Aggregate chronic exposure of adult women population based on Monte Carlo simulations(@RISK output)
Scenario relevant for chronic exposure / Background time weighted concentration / Event mean concentration / Frequency of events per year / Duration of exposure / Annual mean concentrationBeta Distribution / Lognormal Distribution / Beta Distribution / Uniform Distribution / Lognormal Distribution
/ / / / / / /
(g/m3) / (mg/m3) / (events/year/365) / (hours/event/24) / (mg/m3)
Nail polish hand / 36.08 / 9.48 / 6.260 / 0.315 / 0.285 / 0.142 / 0.010 / 0.019 / 0.007
Nail polish hand & feet / 35.93 / 9.56 / 10.300 / 0.471 / 0.142 / 0.071 / 0.021 / 0.030 / 0.016
Rotogravure magazine reading / 35.93 / 9.48 / 8.100 / 0.069 / 0.285 / 0.142 / 0.083 / 0.195 / 0.073
Rotogravure magazine in surrounding / 35.67 / 9.74 / 0.583 / 0.008 / 1.000 / 0.500 / 0.125 / 0.065 / 0.007
Sum + Background: / 0.34 / 0.08
*approx 20%
Table 4. Assessment of acute exposure of adult men population
Adult men scenario / Policy measures application / ConsExpo output / Literature data / Monte Carlo simulation - @RISK outputExposure* / Indoor backgound** / Total Indoor background + Exposure
(mg/m3) / / Cmin
(mg/m3) / Cmax
(mg/m3) /
(mg/m3) / / +1x(mg/m3) / +2x(mg/m3)
Paint thinner / NO CHANGE / 29.400 / 1.270 / 3 / 43 / 29.522 / 1.294 / 30.816 / 32.110
Spray paint primer / BEFORE / 231.000 / 4.120 / 3 / 43 / 231.038 / 4.023 / 235.061 / 239.083
Spray paint / BEFORE / 361.000 / 6.070 / 3 / 43 / 361.013 / 6.036 / 367.049 / 373.085
Glue small repairing / BEFORE / 18.900 / 0.919 / 3 / 43 / 18.961 / 0.940 / 19.901 / 20.841
Spray shoe polish / NO CHANGE / 22.000 / 1.270 / 3 / 43 / 22.052 / 1.287 / 23.339 / 24.625
Car polish / NO CHANGE / 1.270 / 0.029 / 3 / 43 / 1.292 / 0.031 / 1.322 / 1.353
Rotogravure magazine reading / NO CHANGE / 8.100 / 0.070 / 3 / 43 / 8.125 / 0.070 / 8.195 / 8.265
Rotogravure in surrounding / NO CHANGE / 0.583 / 0.008 / 3 / 43 / 0.605 / 0.014 / 0.620 / 0.634
Spray paint primer / AFTER / 1.650 / 0.029 / 3 / 43 / 1.673 / 0.031 / 1.704 / 1.735
Spray paint / AFTER / 2.580 / 0.032 / 3 / 43 / 2.604 / 0.034 / 2.638 / 2.671
Glue small repairing / AFTER / 0.118 / 0.004 / 3 / 43 / 0.141 / 0.012 / 0.154 / 0.166
* Distribution: lognormal
** Distribution: uniform
Table 5. Assessment of acute exposure of adult women population
Adult women scenario / Policy measures application / ConsExpo output / Literature data / Monte Carlo simulation - @RISK outputExposure* / Indoor backgound** / Total Indoor background + Exposure
(mg/m3) / / Cmin
(mg/m3) / Cmax
(mg/m3) /
(mg/m3) / / +1x(mg/m3) / +2x(mg/m3)
Glue small repairing / BEFORE / 18.900 / 1.080 / 3 / 43 / 18.870 / 1.042 / 19.912 / 20.954
Decorative adhesives / BEFORE / 11.200 / 0.685 / 3 / 43 / 11.168 / 0.685 / 11.854 / 12.539
Decorative paint / BEFORE / 72.900 / 3.900 / 3 / 43 / 72.895 / 4.170 / 77.065 / 81.235
Nail polish hand / NO CHANGE / 6.260 / 0.315 / 3 / 43 / 6.280 / 0.322 / 6.602 / 6.924
Nail polish hand & feet / NO CHANGE / 10.300 / 0.471 / 3 / 43 / 10.322 / 0.461 / 10.783 / 11.244
Spray shoe polish / NO CHANGE / 22.000 / 1.450 / 3 / 43 / 22.052 / 1.464 / 23.516 / 24.980
Rotogravure magazine reading / NO CHANGE / 8.100 / 0.069 / 3 / 43 / 8.124 / 0.070 / 8.194 / 8.264
Rotogravure in surrounding / NO CHANGE / 0.583 / 0.008 / 3 / 43 / 0.606 / 0.014 / 0.620 / 0.634
Glue small repairing 0.1 / AFTER / 0.118 / 0.004 / 3 / 43 / 0.141 / 0.012 / 0.153 / 0.165
Decorative adhesives 0.1 / AFTER / 0.070 / 0.002 / 3 / 43 / 0.092 / 0.012 / 0.104 / 0.116
Decorative paint 0.1 / AFTER / 3.170 / 0.095 / 3 / 43 / 3.201 / 0.096 / 3.297 / 3.393
* Distribution: lognormal
** Distribution: uniform
Table 6. Acute Exposure/DEL for adult men for scenarios which are assumed as safety uncertain.DNEL>1
Adult man scenario / Policy measures application / Monte Carlo simulation / DNEL=15 (mg/m3) / DEL=28.8 (mg/m3)Total Indoor background + Exposure
(mg/m3) / / +1x(mg/m3) / +2x(mg/m3) / DNEL / DEL
Paint thinner / NO CHANGE / 29.522 / 1.294 / 30.816 / 32.110 / 1.97 / 1.05
Spray paint primer / BEFORE / 231.038 / 4.023 / 235.061 / 239.083 / 15.40 / 8.22
Spray paint / BEFORE / 361.013 / 6.036 / 367.049 / 373.085 / 24.07 / 12.85
Glue small repairing / BEFORE / 18.961 / 0.940 / 19.901 / 20.841 / 1.26 / 0.67
Spray shoe polish / NO CHANGE / 22.052 / 1.287 / 23.339 / 24.625 / 1.47 / 0.78
Table 7. Acute Exposure/DEL for adult women for scenarios which are assumed as safety uncertain.DNEL>1
Adult man scenario / Policy measures application / Monte Carlo simulation / DNEL=15 (mg/m3) / DEL=28.8 (mg/m3)Total Indoor background + Exposure
(mg/m3) / / +1x(mg/m3) / +2x(mg/m3) / DNEL / DEL
Glue small repairing / BEFORE / 18.870 / 1.042 / 19.912 / 20.954 / 1.26 / 0.67
Decorative paint / BEFORE / 72.895 / 4.170 / 77.065 / 81.235 / 4.86 / 2.59
Spray shoe polish / NO CHANGE / 22.052 / 1.464 / 23.516 / 24.980 / 1.47 / 0.78
Table 8. Health impact assessment of acute exposure of adult men population
Adult man scenario / Policy measures application / Event frequency* / Duration(per year) / Exposed population* / Developing effects* / Disability Weight* / DALY
/ ** / / ** / / ** / / ** / / / Determ.
Paint thinner / NO CHANGE / 0.011 / 0.005 / 0.042 / 0.125 / 0.063 / 0.30 / 0.15 / 0.10 / 0.05 / 0.907 / 1.108 / 0.84
Spray paint primer / BEFORE / 0.005 / 0.003 / 0.083 / 0.125 / 0.063 / 0.30 / 0.15 / 0.10 / 0.05 / 0.776 / 0.869 / 0.84
Spray paint / BEFORE / 0.005 / 0.003 / 0.083 / 0.125 / 0.063 / 0.30 / 0.15 / 0.10 / 0.05 / 0.828 / 1.016 / 0.84
* Distribution: Beta
** approx. 50%
Table 9. Health impact assessment of acute exposure of adult women population
Adult women scenario / Policy measures application / Event frequency* / Duration(per year) / Exposed population* / Developing effects* / Disability Weight* / DALY
/ ** / / ** / / ** / / ** / / / Determ.
Decorative paint / BEFORE / 0.014 / 0.007 / 0.042 / 0.167 / 0.084 / 0.30 / 0.15 / 0.10 / 0.05 / 1.406 / 1.644 / 1.46
* Distribution: Beta
** approx. 50%
Table10 . DALYs related to exposure to toluene from consumer products per 1 million of adult population in Europe
Policy measures application / per population:1million(Adult men 0.49. Adult women 0.51)DALYs population / DALY
/ / Determ.
BEFORE / Sum:DALYs men / 2.511 / 2.993 / 2.52
Sum:DALYs women / 1.406 / 1.644 / 1.46
DALYs per 1 million adult population per year / 3.92 / 4.64 / 3.98
AFTER / Sum:DALYs men / 0.857 / 1.095 / 0.84
Sum:DALYs women / 0.00 / 0.00 / 0.00
DALYs per 1 million adult population per year / 0.86 / 1.09 / 0.84
DALYs Savedper 1 million adult population per year / 3.06 / 3.54
Table 11. Comparison of exposure level to toluene
for similar events from thisand previous case studies
Scenario / Results from this case study / Results from previous case studiesConcentration; exposure duration / Concentration / Measured/ Modelled / Reference
Nail polish hand / 6.26 mg/m3 (mean)
21.7 mg/m3 (90th per)
54.6 mg/m3 (99th per)
1h / 3.2-9.24 mg/m3 (mean) / Measured / Curry et al. (1994)
4-14 mg/m3
(range) / Measured / Bio-Research Laboratories (1991)
Rotogravure magazine reading / 11.5 mg/m3 (90th per)
14.0 mg/m3 (99th per)
1h / 23 mg/m3
(the worst case scenario) / Calculated / Hansen and Eggert (2003)
Rotogravure magazine lying in room / 0.583 mg/m3 (mean)
1.3 mg/m3 (90th per)
1.73 mg/m3 (99th per)
1h / 2.98 mg/m3
(the worst case scenario). / Calculated / Jensen and Knudsen (2006)
Paint thinner / 29.4 mg/m3 (mean).
93 mg/m3 (90th per)
201 mg/m3 (99th per)
1h / 10.66 mg/m3
(typical 1h TWA)
140 mg/m3
(high-end 1h TWA) / EFAST modelling / VCCEP(2006)
Glue for small repairing / 18.9 mg/m3 (mean)
61.7 mg/m3 (90th per)
136 mg/m3 (99th per)
1h / 7.1 mg/m3
(worst case, scenario of modeling to scale) / Calculated / RAR(2003)
1.3 mg/m3
(average)
3.75 mg/m3
(highly exposed population) / Calculated / Schuur et al. (2008)
Spray Primer / 231 mg/m3 (mean)
433 mg/m3 (90th per)
725 mg/m3 (99th per)
2h / 132 mg/m3
(Typical 1h TWA)
170 mg/m3
(High-end 1h TWA) / EFAST modelling / VCCEP(2006)
Spray paint / 361 mg/m3 (mean)
643 mg/m3 (90th per)
991 mg/m3 (99th per)
1h / 124.4 mg/m3,
(typical 1h TWA)
241.3 mg/m3
(high-end 1h TWA) / EFAST modelling / VCCEP(2006)
Shoe polish / 22 mg/m3 (mean)
84.6 mg/m3 (90th per)
201 mg/m3 (99th per)
1o min / 9.4 mg/m3
(typical 1h TWA)
170 mg/m3
(high-end 1h TWA) / EFAST modelling / VCCEP(2006)
Adhesive for decoration / 11.2 mg/m3 (mean)
42.7 mg/m3 (90th per)
125 mg/m3 (99th per)
1.5 / 4.9 mg/m3
(typical 1h TWA)
196 mg/m3
(high-end 1h TWA) / EFAST modelling / VCCEP(2006)
Decorative spray paint / 72 mg/m3 (mean)
253 mg/m3 (90th per)
646 mg/m3 (99th per)
1h / 26 mg/m3
(typical 1h TWA)
358 mg/m3
(high-end 1h TWA) / EFAST modelling
(Glass frosting spray) / VCCEP(2006)
1000 mg/m3
(worst case) / Calculated / RAR(2003)
620 mg/m3
(during event, scenario of modeling to scale) / Calculated / Schuur et al. (2008)