Table 1: List of the therapies used in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.
Sr. No. / Therapy / Mechanism / Drugs / References1 / Acetyl-cholinesterase inhibitor / Selectively inhibit
acetyl cholinesterase / Tacrine, Donepezil, Rivastigmine
Galantamine / (1)
2 / Aβ peptide vaccination / Reduction in cerebral amyloid burden / (2, 3)
3 / β-Secretases inhibitor
(Gamma and beta) / Catalyses The First Step Of Aβ Production / Ponezumab (Phase II Clinical trial) / (4)
4 / Cholesterol lowering drug / Lowers cholesterol level / Atorvastatin
Simvastatin / (5)
5 / Metal chelators / Decrease the toxicity associated with Aβ production / Clioquinol / (6)
6 / Anti-inflammatory agents / Plaque-associated inflammation responsible for neurodegeneration / ibuprofen,
indomethacin, sulindac / (7)
7 / RAGE inhibitor / Inhibit influx of Aβ into the brain / Pfizer is currently testing PF-04494700, RAGE inhibitor, in Phase II trials / (8)
8 / Mitochondrial stabiliser / Stabilises Mitochondria / Latrepirdine (dimebon) / (9)
9 / PPAR agonist / Inhibit the β-amyloid-stimulated expression of the cytokine genes interleukin-6 and tumour necrosis factor α / Troglitazone, Ciglitazone, DHA, Indomethacin and Ibuprofen / (10)
10 / Aβ-Lowering Agent / Inhibit the β-amyloid / Terenflubil / (11, 12)
11 / Plaque destabiliser / Inhibit amyloid deposition / Tramiprosate / (13)
12 / 5 Hydroxy-triptamine / Improves cognition and behaviour / SB742457 / (14)
13 / GABA antagonist / Inhibit GABA-α and GABA-β / SGS-742 / (15)
14 / Inverse GABA agonist / Inhibit GABA-α and GABA-β / AVE-3933 / (16)
15 / NMDA antagonist / Inhibit NMDA receptor / Memantine and Neramexane / (17, 18)
16 / Cognitive enhancer (Nutropic enhancer) / Facilitation of synaptic transmission and inter hemisphere information transfer / Nefiracetam and Piracetam / (19, 20)
17 / L-type calcium channel blocker / Block Ca2+ influx to prevent free radical induced neuronal cell death / MEM 1003 / (21)
18 / A4b2 nAchR modulator / Nicotinic receptor modulation / Ispronicline, TC6683 / (22, 23)
19 / AMPAkine / AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid) receptor modulation / CX516 / (24)
20 / Partial mAChR agonist / Enhances Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor activity / Milameline, Sabcomeline, Xanimeline NGX267 / (25)
21 / Adrenergic Blocker / Blocks adrenergic receptor / Dihydroergotoxine / (26)
22 / Dopaminergic agonist / Enhance Dopaminergic activity / Piribedil / (27)
23 / PAF antagonist / Inhibit Platelet activating factor / Ginkgo biloba / (28)
References for Table1
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