Table 1 Catalysts used in Conversion of Biomass Feedstocks and Model Compounds.
Catalyst / Reactor Type / Feedstock / Reaction Temp., time,ramp rate, space velocity / Products / Ref.
HZSM-5, (Si/Al = 130), ZnZSM-5 (140), and MnZSM-5 (132), bentonite / Continuous flow, fixed bed microreactor / cyclopentenone , furfural, glycerol, glucose, fructose, and their derivs. / 350-560˚C, 3 h
0.281-1.26 h-1 / 2.1% hydrocarbons over HZSM-5/bentonite, 14.8% with MeOH
0.9% MnZSM-5/bentonite, 0.7% for ZnZSM-5/bentonite / [1]
[2]
HZSM-5, Fe,Cr-ZSM5. ReUSY,
Alumina, Al-MCM-41 / Piston fixed bed catalytic reactor / 2-furaldehyde: 2.86; acetic acid: 17.14; cyclohexanone: 11.4; guaiacol: 17.1; vanillin: 8.6, and H2O: 42.8 / 500˚C
WHSV = 2.75 h-1 / 40.7-57.7wt% liquid product for ZSM-5 / [3]
H-Y, NH4-Y, NH4-ZSM-5, nanopowders of SiO2, Al2O3, MgO, TiSiO4 and Al2O3TiO2 / Pyroprobe batch / Cellulose / 500˚C for 60s pp,
20˚Cms-1 / Zeolites and nanopowder metal oxides exhibited a strong influence on the pyrolytic behavior of cellulose. Zeolites reduced yields of anhydrosugars with respect to pure cellulose. All nanopowders but silicon oxide provided higher yields. / [4]
HZSM-5 / Fixed bed / Wood / ~450-500˚C
WHSV = 1.8-2.5 h-1 / Wood-to-hydrocarbon yield was approx.20%. / [5]
HZSM-5, (Si/Al=50) / Fluidized bed / Wood waste / 550˚C, 30 min, 216-228 gh-1 / 5.7% oil using ZSM-5. / [6]
ZnO / Pyroprobe batch and fluidized bed / Pine sawdust / 600˚C, (pp), 400˚C 2 h (fb)
4.9 h-1 (fb) / ZnO a mild catalyst. 57 wt% oil, 20 wt% gases / [7]
HZSM-5 (Si/Al=24) / Conical spouted bed / Pinus insignis sawdust / 400-500˚C
WHSV=12.0-36.0 h-1 / 30.8 wt% total organic liquid yield, 6.3 wt% yield aromatics (12% carbon yield aromatics) / [8][9]
silica sand, FCC and ZSM-5, USY
(Si/Al = / Circulating fluidized bed / Lignocell HBS 150-500 / 400-500˚C,
WHSV=2.9-18 h-1 / 30.6, 44.4, 36.4 wt% total organic liquid yield for 18, 4.9 and 2.3 WHSV, respectively / [10]
Al-MCM-41 Si/Al = 20, SBA-15, Al-SBA-15 (Si/Al=2.5), Cu-Al-MCM-41 / Fixed bed / Spruce and Miscanthus wood / 500˚C / 10 wt% desirable organic yield. Al-MCM-41 was most active for Miscanthus, FCC for spruce. / [11]
H-Beta, Si/Al = 25, 150, 300 / Fluidized bed / Pine wood chips / 450~550˚C 2h,
10˚Cmin-1, 15 gh-1 / 53 wt% gases with Beta Si/Al = 300. Inc. with inc. acidity. / [12]
HZSM-5, Si/Al = 26
HY Si/Al = 4, Ga-ZSM-5 / Fluidized bed / Radiata pine / 450~550˚C 1 h,
10 gmin-1 / HZSM-5 was more efficient in bio-oil upgrading than HY. 35.6 % gas at 500˚C, 33.3% for HY.
Ga/HZSM-5 showed increased yield and the selectivity of aromatic hydrocarbons in the bio-oil. / [13]
Fe – Beta, Fe-Y, HY, Fe-Mordenite,
Fe-ZSM-5, HZSM-5, bentonite clay / Batch tube reactor / Peat / 410˚C 1 h, / 35.65 mass% methane, 11.80% ethane, 14.68% ethane, 5.77% propane for Fe-H-Beta (Si/Al=300)Highest yield / [14, 15]
Al-MCM-41, (Si/Al = 30 or 50) / Fixed bed / Lignocell HBS 150-500 / 500˚C 4.5s / Al-MCM-41 (50) produced 30wt% phenols, 9wt% alcohols, 19 wt% carbonyls in organic phase / [16]
HZSM-5 (Si/Al = 50), Al-MCM-41 (40) Al-MSU-F (40), alumina-stabilized ceria MI-575 / Pyroprobe batch / Cassava rhizome / 600˚C 10 s,
3000˚Cs-1 / ZSM-5 was the most active. ~7% (peak area) aromatics produced. / [17]
WHSV = weight hourly space velocity, fb = fixed bed, pp = pyroprobe..
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