Table 1: Breakdown of Weedy and Non-Weedy American Species According to Their Status in Europe
Appendix 2. Warning list of species that are weedy in America and either invasive, naturalized, or casual in Europe.
FamilyScientific nameAuthorVegetation type
Invasive
AmaranthaceaeAmaranthus albus L.herb
AmaranthaceaeAmaranthus blitoides S. Wats.herb
AmaranthaceaeAmaranthus deflexus L.herb
AmaranthaceaeAmaranthus muricatus (Gillies ex Moq.) Gillies ex Hickenherb
AmaranthaceaeAmaranthus retroflexus L.herb
AmaranthaceaeAmaranthus rudis J. D. Sauerherb
ApiaceaeEryngium pandanifolium Chamisso & Schlechtendalherb
AsteraceaeAster pilosus Willdenowherb
AsteraceaeBidens frondosa L.herb
AsteraceaeBidens pilosa L.herb
AsteraceaeBidens subalternans de Candolleherb
AsteraceaeConyza bonariensis (L.) Cronquistherb
AsteraceaeConyza canadensis (L.) Cronquistherb
AsteraceaeEclipta prostrata (L.) L.herb
AsteraceaeGalinsoga ciliata (Raf.) S. F. Blakeherb
AsteraceaeGalinsoga parviflora Cavanillesherb
AsteraceaeGamochaeta purpurea (L.) Cabreraherb
AsteraceaeHelianthus tuberosus L.herb
AsteraceaeHeterotheca subaxillaris (Lam.) Britt. & Rusbyherb
AsteraceaeXanthium spinosum L.herb
AsteraceaeXanthium strumarium L.herb
AsteraceaeXanthium strumarium ssp. italicum (Moretti) D. Löveherb
BoraginaceaeHeliotropium curassavicum L.woody shrub, subshrub, herb
ConvolvulaceaeCuscuta campestris Yunck.vine, herb
CyperaceaeCyperus esculentus var. leptostachyus Boeckl.herb
EuphorbiaceaeAcalypha virginica L.herb
EuphorbiaceaeEuphorbia heterophylla L.herb
EuphorbiaceaeEuphorbia maculata L.herb
EuphorbiaceaeEuphorbia nutans Lag.herb
EuphorbiaceaeEuphorbia serpens Kunthherb
FabaceaeAmorpha fruticosa L.woody shrub
HydrocharitaceaeElodea canadensis Michauxaquatic herb
MartyniaceaeProboscidea louisianica (Miller) Thellungherb
NyctaginaceaeOxybaphus nyctagineus (Michx.) Sweetherb
OxalidaceaeOxalis corymbosa de Candolleherb
OxalidaceaeOxalis latifolia Humboldt, Bonpland & Kunthherb
PhytolaccaceaePhytolacca americana L.herb
PoaceaeBromus catharticus Vahlherb
PoaceaeMuhlenbergia frondosa (Poir.) Fernaldherb
PoaceaePanicum capillare L.herb
PoaceaePanicum dichotomiflorum Michx.herb
PoaceaePaspalum dilatatum Poir.herb
PoaceaePaspalum distichum L.herb
PoaceaeSporobolus indicus (L.) R. Br.herb
PontederiaceaeEichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solmsaquatic herb
SolanaceaeNicandra physalodes (L.) Scop.herb
SolanaceaeSolanum chenopodioides Lamarckherb
SolanaceaeSolanum elaeagnifolium Cavanilleswoody subshrub, herb
SolanaceaeSolanum physalifolium Rusbyherb
SolanaceaeSolanum sarrachoides Sendtn.herb
Naturalized
AceraceaeAcer negundo L.tree
AlismataceaeSagittaria latifolia Willdenowaquatic herb
AmaranthaceaeAlternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb.herb
AmaranthaceaeAlternanthera pungens Kunthherb
AmaranthaceaeAmaranthus crispus (Lesp. & Thev.) N. Terracc.herb
AmaranthaceaeAmaranthus hybridus L.herb
AmaranthaceaeAmaranthus powellii S. Watsherb
AmaranthaceaeAmaranthus spinosus L.herb
AmaranthaceaeAmaranthus standleyanus Parodi ex Covasherb
AmaranthaceaeAmaranthus viridis L.herb
AnacardiaceaeRhus typhina L.tree, woody shrub
ApiaceaeBowlesia incana Ruiz & Pav.herb
AsclepiadaceaeAsclepias curassavica L.woody shrub, herb
AsclepiadaceaeAsclepias syriaca L.herb
AsteraceaeAmbrosia coronopifolia Torrey & Grayherb
AsteraceaeAmbrosia tenuifolia Spreng.herb
AsteraceaeAmbrosia trifida L.woody subshrub, herb
AsteraceaeErechtites hieracifolia (L.) Raf. ex de Candolleherb
AsteraceaeErigeron annuus (L.) Pers.herb
AsteraceaeErigeron karvinskianus de Candollewoody herb
AsteraceaeErigeron philadelphicus L.herb
AsteraceaeGamochaeta subfalcata (Cabrera) Cabreraherb
AsteraceaeGrindelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunalherb
AsteraceaeHelianthus annuus L.herb
AsteraceaeHeliopsis helianthoides (L.) Sweetherb
AsteraceaeIva xanthifolia Nuttallherb
AsteraceaeMadia sativa Molinaherb
AsteraceaeRudbeckia amplexicaulis Vahlherb
AsteraceaeRudbeckia hirta L.herb
AsteraceaeSchkuhria pinnata (Lam.) Kuntze ex Thell.herb
AsteraceaeSigesbeckia jorullensis Kunthherb
AsteraceaeSolidago canadensis L.herb
AsteraceaeSoliva pterosperma (Juss.) Less.herb
AsteraceaeTagetes minuta L.herb
AsteraceaeVerbesina encelioides (Cavanilles) A. Grayherb
AzollaceaeAzolla filiculoides Lam.aquatic fern
BoraginaceaeAmsinckia calycina (Moris) Chaterherb
BoraginaceaeHeliotropium amplexicaule Vahlherb
BrassicaceaeLepidium bonariense L.herb
BrassicaceaeLepidium densiflorum Schrad.herb
BrassicaceaeLepidium virginicum L.herb
CactaceaeOpuntia compressa (Salisbury) Macbrideherb
CannaceaeCanna indica L.herb
ChenopodiaceaeChenopodium ambrosioides L.woody subshrub, herb
ChenopodiaceaeChenopodium berlandieri Moq.herb
ChenopodiaceaeChenopodium hircinum Schrad.herb
ChenopodiaceaeChenopodium leptophyllum (Moq.) Nutt. ex S. Wats.herb
ChenopodiaceaeChenopodium missouriense Aellenherb
ChenopodiaceaeChenopodium zobelii A. Ludw. & Aellenherb
CommelinaceaeTradescantia fluminensis Vell.herb
ConvolvulaceaeCuscuta gronovii Willd. ex Schult.vine, herb
ConvolvulaceaeCuscuta suaveolens Ser.vine, herb
ConvolvulaceaeIpomoea acuminata (Vahl) Roem. & Schult.woody subshrub, vine, herb
ConvolvulaceaeIpomoea purpurea (L.) Rothvine, herb
CucurbitaceaeEchinocystis lobata (Michaux) Torrey & Grayvine, herb
CucurbitaceaeSicyos angulatus L.vine, herb
CyperaceaeCyperus eragrostis Lam.herb
CyperaceaeCyperus strigosus L.herb
FabaceaeGleditsia triacanthos L.tree, woody shrub
FabaceaeLupinus arboreus Simswoody shrub, subshrub
FabaceaeLeucaena leucocephala (Lamarck) de Wittree, woody shrub
FabaceaeLupinus perennis L.herb
FabaceaeRobinia pseudoacacia L.tree
HaloragaceaeMyriophyllum brasiliense Cambessedesaquatic herb
HydrocharitaceaeEgeria densa Planch.aquatic herb
HydrophyllaceaeWigandia caracasana Humboldt et al.woody shrub
IridaceaeIris versicolor L.herb
JuncaceaeJuncus tenuis Willd.herb
LiliaceaeNothoscordum inodorum (Ait.) Aschers & Gr.herb
LythraceaeAmmannia coccinea Rottb.herb
MalvaceaeAnoda cristata (L.) Schlecht.herb
MalvaceaeModiola caroliniana (L.) G. Donwoody shrub, subshrub, herb
MoraceaeMaclura pomifera (Raf.) C. K. Schneid.tree, shrub
MyricaceaeMyrica cerifera (L.) Smalltree, woody shrub, subshrub
NyctaginaceaeMirabilis jalapa L.woody shrub, subshrub, herb
OleaceaeFraxinus pennsylvanica Marshalltree
OnagraceaeLudwigia uruguayensis (Camb.) Haraaquatic herb, herb
OnagraceaeOenothera biennis L.herb
OxalidaceaeOxalis articulata Savignyherb
OxalidaceaeOxalis stricta L.herb
PapaveraceaeArgemone mexicana L.herb
PapaveraceaeEschscholzia californica Cham.herb
PoaceaeAndropogon provincialis Lam.herb
PoaceaeBothriochloa laguroides (DC.) Herterherb
PoaceaeBromus carinatus Hook. & Arn.herb
PoaceaeCenchrus incertus M. A. Curtisherb
PoaceaeDiplachne fascicularis (Lam.) P. Beauv.herb
PoaceaeEriochloa punctata (L.) Desv. ex Ham.herb
PoaceaeEleusine tristachya (Lam.) Lam.herb
PoaceaePanicum virgatum L.herb
PoaceaePaspalum urvillei Steud.herb
PolygonaceaeRumex frutescens Thouarsherb
PoaceaeSetaria parviflora (Poir.) Kerguelenherb
PoaceaeSpartina alterniflora Loisel.herb
PoaceaeSpartina densiflora Brongn.herb
PoaceaeStipa neesiana Trin. & Rupr.herb
PolygonaceaeMuehlenbeckia sagittifolia Meisn.woody vine
PontederiaceaeHeteranthera limosa (Sw.) Willd.aquatic herb
PontederiaceaeHeteranthera reniformis Ruiz & Pavónaquatic herb
PontederiaceaePontederia cordata L.aquatic herb
PortulacaceaeCalandrinia ciliata (Ruiz & Pavón) DC.herb
PortulacaceaeMontia perfoliata (Donn ex Willd.)T.J. Howellherb
PortulacaceaePortulaca grandiflora Hook.herb
RosaceaeFragaria virginiana Duchesneherb
RosaceaePrunus pensylvanica L.tree, woody shrub
RosaceaePrunus serotina Ehrharttree, woody shrub
RosaceaePrunus virginiana L.tree, woody shrub
SalicaceaePopulus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh.tree
SaxifragaceaeRibes sanguineum Purshwoody shrub
ScrophulariaceaeLinaria canadensis (L.) Dum. Cours.herb
ScrophulariaceaeVeronica peregrina L.herb
SolanaceaeCestrum parqui L'Heritiertree, woody shrub
SolanaceaeDatura innoxia Millerherb
SolanaceaeDatura stramonium L.woody subshrub, herb
SolanaceaePhysalis peruviana L.woody shrub
SolanaceaePhysalis pubescens L.herb
SolanaceaePhysalis viscosa L.herb
SolanaceaeNicotiana alata Link & Ottoherb
SolanaceaeNicotiana glauca Grahamtree, woody shrub
SolanaceaeSalpichroa origanifolia (Lamarck) Thellungwoody subshrub, vine, herb
SolanaceaeSolanum bonariense L.shrub, herb
SolanaceaeSolanum pseudocapsicum L.woody shrub, subshrub, herb
SolanaceaeSolanum pygmaeum Cavanillesherb
SolanaceaeSolanum triflorum Nuttallherb
UrticaceaeParietaria pensylvanica Muhl. ex Willd.herb
UrticaceaePilea microphylla (L.) Liebm.woody subshrub, herb
VerbenaceaeLantana camara L.woody shrub
VerbenaceaeLippia canescens Kunthwoody subshrub, vine, herb
VerbenaceaeVerbena bonariensis L.woody subshrub, herb
VerbenaceaeVerbena peruviana (L.) Brittonherb
VitaceaeParthenocissus quinquefolia (L.) Planchonvine
VitaceaeVitis vulpina L.vine
Casual/Escape
AmaranthaceaeAmaranthus caudatus L.herb
AmaranthaceaeAmaranthus palmerii S. Wats.herb
AmaranthaceaeAmaranthus quitensis Kunthherb
ApiaceaeCyclospermum leptophyllum(Pers.) Sprague ex Britt. & Wilsonherb
ApiaceaeDaucus pusillus Michauxherb
AsteraceaeAcanthospermum australe (Loefl.) Kuntzeherb
AsteraceaeArtemisia ludoviciana Nuttallshrub, subshrub, herb
AsteraceaeAster ericoides L.herb
AsteraceaeBidens aristosa (Michx.) Brittonherb
AsteraceaeCoreopsis tinctoria Nuttallherb
AsteraceaeFlaveria bidentis (L.) Kuntzeherb
AsteraceaeHelenium autumnale L.herb
AsteraceaeHelianthus petiolaris Nuttallherb
AsteraceaeHemizonia pungens (Hook. & Arn.) Torr. & Grayherb
AsteraceaeSenecio brasiliensis (Spreng.) Less.herb
AsteraceaeSolidago altissima L.herb
AsteraceaeSoliva anthemifolia (Juss.) Sweetherb
AsteraceaeTagetes patula L.herb
AsteraceaeTagetes tenuifolia Cavanillesherb
BignoniaceaeCampsis radicans (L.) Seemanvine
BoraginaceaeAmsinckia intermedia Fisch. & C. A. Mey.herb
BrassicaceaeLepidium bipinnatifidum Desv.herb
CabombaceaeCabomba caroliniana A. Grayaquatic herb
ChenopodiaceaeChenopodium multifidum L.herb
CommelinaceaeCommelina coelestis Willd.herb
CommelinaceaeZebrina pendula Schnitzl.herb
ConvolvulaceaeIpomoea batatas (L.) Poiretvine, herb
ConvolvulaceaeIpomoea hederacea (L.) Jacquinvine, herb
ConvolvulaceaeIpomoea lacunosa L.vine, herb
ConvolvulaceaeIpomoea trichocarpa Ell.vine, herb
CyperaceaeCyperus luzulae (L.) Rottb. ex Retz.herb
EuphorbiaceaeEuphorbia marginata Purshherb
FabaceaeGlycyrrhiza lepidota Purshherb
FabaceaeSenna obtusifolia (L.) Irwin & Barnebywoody subshrub, herb
FabaceaeSesbania exaltata (Raf.) Rydb. ex A. W. Hillwoody subshrub, herb
LamiaceaeSalvia reflexa Hornem.herb
LythraceaeLythrum alatum Purshwoody subshrub, herb
MalvaceaeMalvastrum coromandelianum (L.) Garckewoody shrub, subshrub, herb
MalvaceaeMalvastrum peruvianum (L.) A. Grayherb
MartyniaceaeIbicella lutea (Lindl.) Van Eselt.herb
OnagraceaeOenothera laciniata Hillherb
PinaceaePinus radiata D. Dontree
PlantaginaceaePlantago aristata Michauxherb
PlantaginaceaePlantago rugelii Decaisneherb
PoaceaeAristida oligantha Michx.herb
PoaceaeAxonopus affinis Chaseherb
PoaceaeBrachiaria platyphylla Nashherb
PoaceaeBromus trinii E. Desv.herb
PoaceaeCenchrus echinatus L.herb
PoaceaeCenchrus longispinus (Hack.) Fernaldherb
PoaceaeChloris radiata (L.) Sw.herb
PoaceaeChloris virgata Sw.herb
PoaceaeEragrostis bahiensis Schrad. ex Schult.herb
PoaceaeEragrostis lugens Neesherb
PoaceaeEriochloa contracta Hitchc.herb
PoaceaeGastridium phleoides (Nees & Meyen) C. E. Hubb.herb
PoaceaeHordeum pusillum Nuttallherb
PoaceaeLeptochloa uninervia (J. Presl) Hitchc. & Chaseherb
PoaceaeMuhlenbergia racemosa (Michx.) Britton et al.herb
PoaceaeMuhlenbergia schreberi J. F. Gmel.herb
PoaceaePhalaris angusta Nees ex Trin.herb
PoaceaeSchedonnardus paniculatus (Nutt.) Trel.herb
PoaceaeSporobolus cryptandrus (Torr.) A. Grayherb
PoaceaeStipa brachychaeta Godr.herb
PoaceaeStipa hyalina Neesherb
PoaceaeVulpia octoflora (Walter) Rydb.herb
PolemoniaceaeCollomia biflora (Ruiz & Pav.) Brandherb
PolygonaceaePolygonum pensylvanicum L.herb
RosaceaeAcaena pinnatifida Ruiz & Pavonherb
SalviniaceaeSalvinia auriculata Aubl.fern
SapindaceaeCardiospermum halicacabum L.woody subshrub, vine, herb
SolanaceaeBrowallia americana L.herb
SolanaceaeLycopersicon esculentum P. Mill.herb
SolanaceaeLycopersicon pimpinellifolium (L.) Mill.herb
SolanaceaeNicotiana longiflora Cavanillesherb
SolanaceaePhysalis acutifolia (Miers) Sandwithherb
SolanaceaePhysalis angulata L.herb
SolanaceaePhysalis ixocarpa Brot. ex Hornem.herb
SolanaceaeSolanum americanum Mill.woody shrub, subshrub
SolanaceaeSolanum capsicastrum Link ex Schauerwoody shrub, subshrub, herb
SolanaceaeSolanum capsicoides All.woody shrub, subshrub
SolanaceaeSolanum carolinense L.woody shrub, subshrub, herb
SolanaceaeSolanum rostratum Dunalherb
SolanaceaeSolanum sisymbrifolium Lamarckshrub, herb
SolanaceaeSolanum torreyi A. Grayherb
VerbenaceaeVerbena bracteata Cav. ex Lag. & Rodr.herb
VerbenaceaeVerbena hastata L.herb
VerbenaceaeVerbena hispida (Ruiz & Pavón) Ruiz & Pavónherb
VerbenaceaeVerbena litoralis Kunthsubshrub, herb
VerbenaceaeVerbena urticifolia L.herb
This is a draft list – please request a reprint from to see the full article:
Forman, Jennifer. 2003. "The introduction of American plant species into Europe: issues and Consequences." pp. 17-39 in Plant Invasions: Ecological Threats and Management Solutions. Edited by L.E. Child, J.H. Brock, G. Brundu, K. Prach, P. Pysek, P.M. Wade, and M. Williamson. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, The Netherlands.