AdvancedPIRBasedSecuritySystem

SwatiMishraAssistantProfessorJSSATE,NOIDA(INDIA)

ABSTRACT

ThispaperproposesasystembasedonPassiveInfraredSensor[3]foradvancedsecurityformilitarypurposes.Thesystemwilleliminatethelimitationsofpreviousdetectionsystemsduetojammer.Thesystemwillsensethesignalgenerated bythe PIR sensor mounted in threedirections with aphoto detector at the gatetosensethehumanintrusion.AnyintrusionwilltriggerthemicrocontrollerforbuzzeractivationanddisplaythedirectionofintrusiononLCD.ThesystemalsoincludesaLASERshooterorfaintingmechanismonastepperwhichwillrotatetothedirectionofintrusionandeliminatethedanger.

KEYWORDS

PassiveInfraredSensor,4049IC,16X2LCD,ATMEL89S52,Photodiode,7805IC

1.INTRODUCTION

Intoday’seratheuseofjammerhaslimitedtheuseofmostsensors.DuringthesurgicalstrikeofOsama-Bin–ladentheAmericanplanescouldnotbedetectedbythePakistanAirForce.TheuseofjammersbytheplaneabsorbedtheultrasonicwavesemittedbytheRADARsystems.Thusanew system is required to eliminate thislimitation.PassiveInfraredSensors[3]servesthispurposetoquiteanextent.PIRsensorhasmanyadvantagesthanmostothersensors.Itisbasedon

VishalChauhan,SuryakantSingh,HarshSachan

Student

JSSATE,NOIDA(INDIA)

thephenomenathatabodywillhavecertaintemperaturepresentintheenvironment.Alsoabodywithcertaintemperaturewillemitinfraredradiationsofacertainwavelength.PIRsensorhasacapabilitytodetectradiationsfrom thebodyand the sensors are called Passive InfraredSensorsbecausetheysenseradiationsemittedfromtheotherbodyratherthansensingitsownradiationafterreflection.Newsystemproposedcanbeusedforhighlyclassifiedareaswherenohumanbreachispermittedintotheperimeterofthearea.DetectioninallfourdirectionsisdonecontinuouslytodetecthumanintrusionandthedirectionwillbedisplayedontheLCD.AlongwiththisafaintingmechanismoraLASERgunmounted on a stepper motor will be provided.Thesteppermotorwillmovetheshootertothedirectionofintrusionandactivateittoeliminatethedanger.

2.RELATEDWORKS

PreviousPIRbasedsystemsarebasedonhometheftsecuritysystemormotiondetection.Someofthesystemsinclude-1.GSMnetworkbasedhomesafeguardsystem[2],2.Humantrackingsystem,3.DesignandImplementationofmodularhomesecuritysystemwithshortmessagingsystem.MostofthePIRbasedsystemsbuildpreviouslyarefordomesticsecurity.

Previouslyalarmbasedsystemswereusedwhichwouldtriggeranalarmandindicatetheintrusion

andtheownerofthehousewillhavetotakenecessaryprecautions.Someofthesystemshaveacapabilitytoturnonthevideorecordingorimagecapturingsystem[1][2].Howeverallthesesystemareefficientfordomesticenvironmentwheremainfocusisonthedetectionoftheintrusion.

Inmilitarysecurityareastheintrudermaybearmedtherebydetectionaloneshouldnotbetherequirementofthesystem.Systemshouldbecapabletoeliminatethedangerefficiently.Wehavetriedtoworkontheselimitationsandeliminatethem

3.PROPOSEDAPPROACH

ThesystemwillconsistofthreePIRsensormodulesdeployedinthedirectionsotherthanthedirectioninwhich gateispresent.Thesethreesensorswilldetectthepresenceofhumanbodyanditsintrusiontotheperimeter.IfanypresenceisfoundtherewillbechangeintheoutputfromthePIRmodule,whichwillactivatethemicrocontroller. When any person is comingfromexcepttomaingatethenPIRsensoractivateandprovideapositiveoutputto4049ic,4049icisaninverterICwhichprovidesnegativeoutputtomicrocontroller.ThemicrocontrollerwilltriggerthealarmanddisplaythedirectionofintrusiononaLCDwhichcanbeprovidedattheplacewherecontinuous security monitoring is done bysecuritypeople.Themicrocontrollerwillalsorotatethesteppermotortothedirectionofintrusionwhichhasshootermountedonitandshootthepersonwithsomegasoranesthesiatofainthim.Thussystemwilleliminatethedangerquickly and efficiently. For intrusion throughgate,photodiodebasedcircuitwillbeprovidedwhichactivatethebuzzeranddisplaytheinformationonLCD.Acircuithastobedesignedkeepinginmindthenegativewavetriggeringofthemicrocontrollerandbuildthecircuitaround

thislogic.Darlingtonpaircanbeusedtotriggerbuzzerandthesteppermotorbythemicrocontroller.InverterICwillbeusedtohelpactivatethecircuitfornegativewaveform.FullwaverectifiercircuitwillbeusedtoprovidefortheDCsupplyfortheLCD,IC,andthemicrocontroller.

4.PIRSENSOR

PIRsensorsallowyoutosensemotion,almostalways used to detect whether a human hasmovedinoroutofthesensorsrange.Theyaresmall,inexpensive,low-power,easytouseanddon't wear out. For that reason they arecommonlyfoundinappliancesandgadgetsusedinhomesorbusinesses.TheyareoftenreferredtoasPIR,"PassiveInfrared","Pyro-electric",or"IRmotion"sensors[3].

PIRsarebasicallymadeofapyro-electricsensor(whichyoucanseeaboveastheroundmetalcanwitharectangularcrystalinthecenter),whichcandetectlevelsofinfraredradiation.Everythingemitssomelowlevelradiation,andthehottersomethingis,themoreradiationisemitted.Thesensorinamotiondetectorisactuallysplitintwohalves.Thereasonforthatisthatwearelookingtodetectmotion(change)notaverageIRlevels.Thetwohalvesarewiredupsothattheycanceleachotherout.IfonehalfseesmoreorlessIR

radiation than the other, the output will swinghighorlow.

Alongwiththepyro-electricsensorisabunchofsupportingcircuitry,resistorsandcapacitors.Itseemsthatmostsmallhobbyistsensorsusethe BISS0001("MicroPowerPIRMotionDetector IC"),undoubtedlyaveryinexpensivechip.Thischiptakestheoutputofthesensoranddoessomeminorprocessingonittoemitadigitaloutputpulsefromtheanalogsensor.

ThePIRsensorhastwoslotsinit;eachslotismadeofaspecialmaterialthatissensitivetoIR.

Whenthereisnohumanpresentintheproximityofthesensor,theamountofinfraredradiationdetectedbyboththeslotswillbesame.Nowsensingofabodyisatwo-foldoperation.Firstthebodywillbedetectedenteringbyonehalfofthesensor.Thiscausesapositivedifferentialchangebetweenthetwohalves.Nowthebodywillbesensedbytheotherhalfslotofthesensorandanegativedifferentialchangewillbegenerated.

5.CIRCUITDESIGN

Whiledesigningthesystemtogettherequiredoutputmultiplestepsandprecautionshavetobekept in mind. Various fluctuations and errorshavetobeterminatedsoastogettheresultasclosetotheexpectedoutcome.Keepinginmindthenatureofpowersupplyforvariouselementsused in the circuit transformer and rectifiercircuitswillbeused.Figure5showstheblockrepresentationofthesystem.Theentiresystemcanbedividedintofollowingblocks:

1. PowerSupply

2. SensingModule

3. ProcessingUnitorMicrocontroller

4. LCD

5. StepperMotorControl

6. OtherElements

7. RemainingCircuit

5.1PowerSupply

The system is supplied with a 220V 50HzAC.Howevervariouselementsthewillbeused in the system such as 89S52MCU,

4049IC,LCDworkonlywithDCsignal.Alsopowersupplyrequiredbythemisintherangeof3-10volts.Thusastepdowntransformerwillbeusedtoconvert220Vsignalto12VACsignal.Acenter-tappedfullwaverectifierwillbeusedtoconverttheACsignalintoDC.Howeverintheentireconversionprocessfluctuationswilldevelopwhichcanberemovedusingcapacitors.Nowthe12VDCsignalisconvertedto5Vbya7805voltageregulatorIC[8].

5.2SensingModule

Thesensingmodulewillconsistof3PIRsensing module and 1 gate sensor. Gatesensorwillconsistofaphoto-emissivediodeand a photo-detector diode. As a humanentersthroughthegatethecircuitbetweenthetwodiodeswillopenasthelightemittedbythediodewillbeblockedbytheperson.Thiswilldevelopanegativewaveformusing4049invertorIC[7],whichwillactivatethemicrocontrollerandsetthebuzzerON.ThethreePIRsensorswillbemountedonthreedirectionsotherthangate.Theywillcontinuouslymonitorthehumanintrusiontotheperimeteronthecampusandsendanoutputwhichwillactivatethemicrocontrolleragainusingthe4049invertorIC.

5.3MicrocontrollerUnit

ATMEL89S52microcontrollerwillbeusedto control the circuit and get the desired

output.Ithasfeatureslike8kBflaskmemory,

256bytesRAM,3Timer/Counters,8bitprocessor,and4ports[9].Itisa40pinIC.Aclockpulsegeneratorwithacrystalfrequencyof11.0592MHzwillbeusedexternallyconnectedtothepin18and19ofthecontroller.ThemainfunctionoftheMCUistoreadtheoutputfromthePIRsensorsandthegatesensorandsetthealarmON.Itwillalsobeprogrammedtodisplaythedirectionofintrusionandcontrolthesteppermotor.

5.4LCD

LCDmoduleusedisa16X2LCD.A16x2

LCDmeansitcandisplay16charactersperlineandthereare2suchlines.InthisLCDeach character is displayed in 5x7 pixelmatrix.ThisLCDhastworegisters,namely,CommandandData.

ThecommandregisterstoresthecommandinstructionsgiventotheLCD.Acommandisan instruction given to LCD to do apredefinedtasklikeinitializingit,clearingitsscreen,settingthecursorposition,controllingdisplayetc.ThedataregisterstoresthedatatobedisplayedontheLCD.ThedataistheASCIIvalueofthecharactertobedisplayedon the LCD. Click to learn more aboutinternalstructureofaLCD.

5.5StepperMotorControl

Steppermotorwillhavearodmountedonitsrotor.Thisrodwillcontrolthemovementofashooter which can shoot electromagneticwaveoragassoastofainttheintruder.Thesteppermotor[11]willbedrivenusingULN2003AIC[10]controlledbytheMCU.ULN2003AIChasDarlingtontransistorarrayasthestepperrequirestoomuchcurrenttobedriven.Someprecautionarymeasurehastobetakentoeliminatetheback-EMFgeneratedbythemotor.Thiscanbedonebyconnectinga

diodetotheoutputsoftheULN2003AICwhichwillstopthecurrentfromgoingbacktotheIC.

5.7RemainingCircuit

DarlingtonTransistorpair[12]willbeusedtoactivatethebuzzerandtheshooter.The

pairwillhavetwopairsapnpandannpnDarlingtonpair.Itisusedtoincreasethecurrentgaininthecircuit.4049ICisusedastheoutputfromthesensorswillbepositiveandthemicrocontrollergetsactivatedfornegativesignals.

6.CIRCUITOPERATION

Theentirecircuitoperationtakesplacesaccordinglyfollowingtheblocks asexplainedabove.Firstofallthe220vACsupplyisconvertedto12VACbyastepdowntransformer.Thenthis12VACsignalisconvertedto12VDCsignalusingacenter-tappedfullwaverectifier.AftertheDCconversionthesignalispassedthroughacapacitortobringdownthefluctuations.Nowthesignalissenttoavoltageregulator7805ICwhichconvertsthe12Vsignalto5Vwhichisthe required power supply for LCD and theMCUandthe4049invertorIC.Againtheoutputofthe7805ICispassedthroughacapacitortoremovethefluctuationsintroduced.

Oncetheproperpowersupplyisgeneratedthenextistheoperationofsensingmodule.ThePIRsensorsgenerateapositiveoutputwaveformondetectingtheintrusioninitsproximity.Howeverourmicrocontrollerisnegativelytriggeredthusaninvertorhastobeusedtoconverttheoutputfrom sensor before being fed to the MCU.

4049Ic is used which has a logic inversioncircuit inside it. It converts the positivewaveformtoanegativeone.Theoutputsofthe

4049ICwillbeconnectedtoinputportofthemicrocontroller.Theinputfromthegatesensorcircuitrywillalsobefedtothemicrocontrollerinput.Gatesensorsconsistofacombinationofaphoto-emissive diode and a photo-detectordiode.Asapersonentersthroughthegatethelightemittedbythephoto-emissivediodewillbeblockedandhencethecircuitofthedetectorandemissivediodecombinationwillbreak.Acommonbaseconfigurationtransistorisusedtohelptransistorworkasaswitchandsendanegativeinputtothemicrocontrollerwheneverthecircuitbreaks.ThiswillactivatetheMCUforfurtheroperations.

TheATMEL89S52microcontrollerissoprogrammedthatitreceivestheinputfromthesensors,getsactivatedanddisplaysthedesiredinformationonLCD.Ithasabuzzerconnectedtooneofitsport.Howevertheoutputcurrentfromthemicrocontrollerwillnotbeenoughtoactivatethebuzzer.ToovercomethissituationaDarlingtonpairisusedtoincreasethecurrentgainandhenceactivatethebuzzer.Anotherpinoutputwillbeconnectedtotheshootermountedon thesteppermotorwhich will be activatedelectronically. It againhas aDarlingtontransistorpairtoincreasethecurrentgainandhence activate the shooter, once the steppermotor has rotated to the direction of theintrusion.

A 16X2 LCD is used which displays thedirectionofthepersonintrusion.ItusestheASCIIcodesofthecharacterstodisplaythemonitsboard.ThemicrocontrollerisprogrammedtosendstheASCIIcodesofthecharacterstobedisplayedinthesetof8bitstothedatapinsoftheLCD.

Oneoutputportofthemicrocontrollerisconnected to the input oftheULN2003A IC.FouroutputsforthemovementofthemotorinfourdirectionfouroutputofthemicrocontrollerarefedtotheinputsoftheULN2003A.Anotherlimitationofthesteppermotoristhegenerationofback-emfwhichmaycauseaconsiderabledamagetothecircuit.Toovercomethissituationfourdiodescanbeusedwillworkasswitches.Theywillopencircuitforthereversebiasconditionswheneversteppermotorsendssomeback-emftothecircuit.

Thesteppermotorrequiresasufficientamountofcurrentforitsproperworking.ThelossinthecurrentisrecoveredbyuseoftheULN2003AIC.Itconsistsof7Darlingtontransistorarrayswhichhelpinincreasingthecurrentgain.

7.ALGORITHM

Thesystemworkswiththefollowingstepstogetthedesiredoutput:

i.ContinuousMonitoringbythePIRsensorsandthegatesensor.

ii.IftheoutputofthePIRsensorgoes‘HIGH’,itinvertedbythe4049ICandthemicrocontrollerisactivated.Elsethesystemgoestostepvi.

iii.MicrocontrollerdisplaysthedirectionofintrusionontheLCD,andtriggersthealarm.IfthePIRoutputis‘HIGH’systemgoestostepivelsesystemgoestostepv.

iv.StepperMotorisactivatedwhichrotatestothedirectionofintrusionandactivatestheshooter.

v.Thesystemisresettoresetthepositionofshooteronthesteppermotor.

vi.Theoutputofthegatesensorischeckediftheintrusionisfromthegate.Iftheintrusionisfromgate, the system jumps to step iii. Else thesystemgoestostepi.

8.FLOWCHART

Figure6showstheflowchartdiagramofthesystemtoexplainthestepsofhowthesystemwillaccordingly.

9.RESULT

Thesystemwastestedbyimplementingthedesign steps discussed earlier. The CD wasfounddisplayingthecorrectdataforallthecasesofintrusion.WhenthesystemwasturnedONthefollowingmessagewasbeingdisplayed.

Fortheintrusiondetectedbytheothersensorswereasfollows:

The stepper motor was found workingaccuratelytopointtothecorrectdirectionoftheintrusion.Theshooterwasactivatedoncethesteppermotorhadcompleteditsrotationtothecorrectdirection.Thisisshowninfigure11.

10.CONCLUSION

InthispaperAdvancedPIRbasedsecuritysystemhasbeenproposed.Thedisplayoftheintrusiondirectionwasfoundaccurateanddisplayed on the LCD. However,thesteppermotorhastobesettoperfectnorthdirectiontomake it rotate to the correct position ofintrusion.Apartfromthatnolimitationwasfound.

11.REFERENCES

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[2] Zamshed Iqbal Chowdhury, Masudul

Haider Imtiaz, Muhammad Moinul Azam,

Rumana Aktar Sumi, Nafisa Shahera Nur,G.

2011. Design and Implementation ofPyroelectricInfraredSensorBasedSecuritySystemUsingMicrocontroller.TechnicalReport.UniversityofDhaka,AhsanullahUniversityofScience Technology, Dhaka,Bangladesh.

[3]Ladyada, P. 2014 PIR Motion Sensor.AdafruitLearningSystem.

[4]SantosoBudijono,JeffriAndrianto,MuhammadAxisNovradinNoor,G.2014.TechnicalReport.BinaNusantraUniversity,Indonesia.

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[6] Walker Phillips, G. 1985. ElectronicSecuritySystem.TechnicalReport.CambriidgeUK

[7] CD4049UB, CD4050B, Texas Instrumentwebsite,

0b.pdf

[8]IC7805(VoltageRegulatorIC)EngineerGaragewebsite, 8-bit Microcontroller with 8KBytes In-System Programmable FlashAT89S52 website,

[10] ULN2003A-ULN2004A Seedstudiowebsite,

[11]IndustrialCircuitsApplicationNote

Stepper Motor Basics Solarbotics website,

[12]DarlingtonTransistorPairElectronicsTutorialwebsite,