AdvancedPIRBasedSecuritySystem
SwatiMishraAssistantProfessorJSSATE,NOIDA(INDIA)
ABSTRACT
ThispaperproposesasystembasedonPassiveInfraredSensor[3]foradvancedsecurityformilitarypurposes.Thesystemwilleliminatethelimitationsofpreviousdetectionsystemsduetojammer.Thesystemwillsensethesignalgenerated bythe PIR sensor mounted in threedirections with aphoto detector at the gatetosensethehumanintrusion.AnyintrusionwilltriggerthemicrocontrollerforbuzzeractivationanddisplaythedirectionofintrusiononLCD.ThesystemalsoincludesaLASERshooterorfaintingmechanismonastepperwhichwillrotatetothedirectionofintrusionandeliminatethedanger.
KEYWORDS
PassiveInfraredSensor,4049IC,16X2LCD,ATMEL89S52,Photodiode,7805IC
1.INTRODUCTION
Intoday’seratheuseofjammerhaslimitedtheuseofmostsensors.DuringthesurgicalstrikeofOsama-Bin–ladentheAmericanplanescouldnotbedetectedbythePakistanAirForce.TheuseofjammersbytheplaneabsorbedtheultrasonicwavesemittedbytheRADARsystems.Thusanew system is required to eliminate thislimitation.PassiveInfraredSensors[3]servesthispurposetoquiteanextent.PIRsensorhasmanyadvantagesthanmostothersensors.Itisbasedon
VishalChauhan,SuryakantSingh,HarshSachan
Student
JSSATE,NOIDA(INDIA)
thephenomenathatabodywillhavecertaintemperaturepresentintheenvironment.Alsoabodywithcertaintemperaturewillemitinfraredradiationsofacertainwavelength.PIRsensorhasacapabilitytodetectradiationsfrom thebodyand the sensors are called Passive InfraredSensorsbecausetheysenseradiationsemittedfromtheotherbodyratherthansensingitsownradiationafterreflection.Newsystemproposedcanbeusedforhighlyclassifiedareaswherenohumanbreachispermittedintotheperimeterofthearea.DetectioninallfourdirectionsisdonecontinuouslytodetecthumanintrusionandthedirectionwillbedisplayedontheLCD.AlongwiththisafaintingmechanismoraLASERgunmounted on a stepper motor will be provided.Thesteppermotorwillmovetheshootertothedirectionofintrusionandactivateittoeliminatethedanger.
2.RELATEDWORKS
PreviousPIRbasedsystemsarebasedonhometheftsecuritysystemormotiondetection.Someofthesystemsinclude-1.GSMnetworkbasedhomesafeguardsystem[2],2.Humantrackingsystem,3.DesignandImplementationofmodularhomesecuritysystemwithshortmessagingsystem.MostofthePIRbasedsystemsbuildpreviouslyarefordomesticsecurity.
Previouslyalarmbasedsystemswereusedwhichwouldtriggeranalarmandindicatetheintrusion
andtheownerofthehousewillhavetotakenecessaryprecautions.Someofthesystemshaveacapabilitytoturnonthevideorecordingorimagecapturingsystem[1][2].Howeverallthesesystemareefficientfordomesticenvironmentwheremainfocusisonthedetectionoftheintrusion.
Inmilitarysecurityareastheintrudermaybearmedtherebydetectionaloneshouldnotbetherequirementofthesystem.Systemshouldbecapabletoeliminatethedangerefficiently.Wehavetriedtoworkontheselimitationsandeliminatethem
3.PROPOSEDAPPROACH
ThesystemwillconsistofthreePIRsensormodulesdeployedinthedirectionsotherthanthedirectioninwhich gateispresent.Thesethreesensorswilldetectthepresenceofhumanbodyanditsintrusiontotheperimeter.IfanypresenceisfoundtherewillbechangeintheoutputfromthePIRmodule,whichwillactivatethemicrocontroller. When any person is comingfromexcepttomaingatethenPIRsensoractivateandprovideapositiveoutputto4049ic,4049icisaninverterICwhichprovidesnegativeoutputtomicrocontroller.ThemicrocontrollerwilltriggerthealarmanddisplaythedirectionofintrusiononaLCDwhichcanbeprovidedattheplacewherecontinuous security monitoring is done bysecuritypeople.Themicrocontrollerwillalsorotatethesteppermotortothedirectionofintrusionwhichhasshootermountedonitandshootthepersonwithsomegasoranesthesiatofainthim.Thussystemwilleliminatethedangerquickly and efficiently. For intrusion throughgate,photodiodebasedcircuitwillbeprovidedwhichactivatethebuzzeranddisplaytheinformationonLCD.Acircuithastobedesignedkeepinginmindthenegativewavetriggeringofthemicrocontrollerandbuildthecircuitaround
thislogic.Darlingtonpaircanbeusedtotriggerbuzzerandthesteppermotorbythemicrocontroller.InverterICwillbeusedtohelpactivatethecircuitfornegativewaveform.FullwaverectifiercircuitwillbeusedtoprovidefortheDCsupplyfortheLCD,IC,andthemicrocontroller.
4.PIRSENSOR
PIRsensorsallowyoutosensemotion,almostalways used to detect whether a human hasmovedinoroutofthesensorsrange.Theyaresmall,inexpensive,low-power,easytouseanddon't wear out. For that reason they arecommonlyfoundinappliancesandgadgetsusedinhomesorbusinesses.TheyareoftenreferredtoasPIR,"PassiveInfrared","Pyro-electric",or"IRmotion"sensors[3].
PIRsarebasicallymadeofapyro-electricsensor(whichyoucanseeaboveastheroundmetalcanwitharectangularcrystalinthecenter),whichcandetectlevelsofinfraredradiation.Everythingemitssomelowlevelradiation,andthehottersomethingis,themoreradiationisemitted.Thesensorinamotiondetectorisactuallysplitintwohalves.Thereasonforthatisthatwearelookingtodetectmotion(change)notaverageIRlevels.Thetwohalvesarewiredupsothattheycanceleachotherout.IfonehalfseesmoreorlessIR
radiation than the other, the output will swinghighorlow.
Alongwiththepyro-electricsensorisabunchofsupportingcircuitry,resistorsandcapacitors.Itseemsthatmostsmallhobbyistsensorsusethe BISS0001("MicroPowerPIRMotionDetector IC"),undoubtedlyaveryinexpensivechip.Thischiptakestheoutputofthesensoranddoessomeminorprocessingonittoemitadigitaloutputpulsefromtheanalogsensor.
ThePIRsensorhastwoslotsinit;eachslotismadeofaspecialmaterialthatissensitivetoIR.
Whenthereisnohumanpresentintheproximityofthesensor,theamountofinfraredradiationdetectedbyboththeslotswillbesame.Nowsensingofabodyisatwo-foldoperation.Firstthebodywillbedetectedenteringbyonehalfofthesensor.Thiscausesapositivedifferentialchangebetweenthetwohalves.Nowthebodywillbesensedbytheotherhalfslotofthesensorandanegativedifferentialchangewillbegenerated.
5.CIRCUITDESIGN
Whiledesigningthesystemtogettherequiredoutputmultiplestepsandprecautionshavetobekept in mind. Various fluctuations and errorshavetobeterminatedsoastogettheresultasclosetotheexpectedoutcome.Keepinginmindthenatureofpowersupplyforvariouselementsused in the circuit transformer and rectifiercircuitswillbeused.Figure5showstheblockrepresentationofthesystem.Theentiresystemcanbedividedintofollowingblocks:
1. PowerSupply
2. SensingModule
3. ProcessingUnitorMicrocontroller
4. LCD
5. StepperMotorControl
6. OtherElements
7. RemainingCircuit
5.1PowerSupply
The system is supplied with a 220V 50HzAC.Howevervariouselementsthewillbeused in the system such as 89S52MCU,
4049IC,LCDworkonlywithDCsignal.Alsopowersupplyrequiredbythemisintherangeof3-10volts.Thusastepdowntransformerwillbeusedtoconvert220Vsignalto12VACsignal.Acenter-tappedfullwaverectifierwillbeusedtoconverttheACsignalintoDC.Howeverintheentireconversionprocessfluctuationswilldevelopwhichcanberemovedusingcapacitors.Nowthe12VDCsignalisconvertedto5Vbya7805voltageregulatorIC[8].
5.2SensingModule
Thesensingmodulewillconsistof3PIRsensing module and 1 gate sensor. Gatesensorwillconsistofaphoto-emissivediodeand a photo-detector diode. As a humanentersthroughthegatethecircuitbetweenthetwodiodeswillopenasthelightemittedbythediodewillbeblockedbytheperson.Thiswilldevelopanegativewaveformusing4049invertorIC[7],whichwillactivatethemicrocontrollerandsetthebuzzerON.ThethreePIRsensorswillbemountedonthreedirectionsotherthangate.Theywillcontinuouslymonitorthehumanintrusiontotheperimeteronthecampusandsendanoutputwhichwillactivatethemicrocontrolleragainusingthe4049invertorIC.
5.3MicrocontrollerUnit
ATMEL89S52microcontrollerwillbeusedto control the circuit and get the desired
output.Ithasfeatureslike8kBflaskmemory,
256bytesRAM,3Timer/Counters,8bitprocessor,and4ports[9].Itisa40pinIC.Aclockpulsegeneratorwithacrystalfrequencyof11.0592MHzwillbeusedexternallyconnectedtothepin18and19ofthecontroller.ThemainfunctionoftheMCUistoreadtheoutputfromthePIRsensorsandthegatesensorandsetthealarmON.Itwillalsobeprogrammedtodisplaythedirectionofintrusionandcontrolthesteppermotor.
5.4LCD
LCDmoduleusedisa16X2LCD.A16x2
LCDmeansitcandisplay16charactersperlineandthereare2suchlines.InthisLCDeach character is displayed in 5x7 pixelmatrix.ThisLCDhastworegisters,namely,CommandandData.
ThecommandregisterstoresthecommandinstructionsgiventotheLCD.Acommandisan instruction given to LCD to do apredefinedtasklikeinitializingit,clearingitsscreen,settingthecursorposition,controllingdisplayetc.ThedataregisterstoresthedatatobedisplayedontheLCD.ThedataistheASCIIvalueofthecharactertobedisplayedon the LCD. Click to learn more aboutinternalstructureofaLCD.
5.5StepperMotorControl
Steppermotorwillhavearodmountedonitsrotor.Thisrodwillcontrolthemovementofashooter which can shoot electromagneticwaveoragassoastofainttheintruder.Thesteppermotor[11]willbedrivenusingULN2003AIC[10]controlledbytheMCU.ULN2003AIChasDarlingtontransistorarrayasthestepperrequirestoomuchcurrenttobedriven.Someprecautionarymeasurehastobetakentoeliminatetheback-EMFgeneratedbythemotor.Thiscanbedonebyconnectinga
diodetotheoutputsoftheULN2003AICwhichwillstopthecurrentfromgoingbacktotheIC.
5.7RemainingCircuit
DarlingtonTransistorpair[12]willbeusedtoactivatethebuzzerandtheshooter.The
pairwillhavetwopairsapnpandannpnDarlingtonpair.Itisusedtoincreasethecurrentgaininthecircuit.4049ICisusedastheoutputfromthesensorswillbepositiveandthemicrocontrollergetsactivatedfornegativesignals.
6.CIRCUITOPERATION
Theentirecircuitoperationtakesplacesaccordinglyfollowingtheblocks asexplainedabove.Firstofallthe220vACsupplyisconvertedto12VACbyastepdowntransformer.Thenthis12VACsignalisconvertedto12VDCsignalusingacenter-tappedfullwaverectifier.AftertheDCconversionthesignalispassedthroughacapacitortobringdownthefluctuations.Nowthesignalissenttoavoltageregulator7805ICwhichconvertsthe12Vsignalto5Vwhichisthe required power supply for LCD and theMCUandthe4049invertorIC.Againtheoutputofthe7805ICispassedthroughacapacitortoremovethefluctuationsintroduced.
Oncetheproperpowersupplyisgeneratedthenextistheoperationofsensingmodule.ThePIRsensorsgenerateapositiveoutputwaveformondetectingtheintrusioninitsproximity.Howeverourmicrocontrollerisnegativelytriggeredthusaninvertorhastobeusedtoconverttheoutputfrom sensor before being fed to the MCU.
4049Ic is used which has a logic inversioncircuit inside it. It converts the positivewaveformtoanegativeone.Theoutputsofthe
4049ICwillbeconnectedtoinputportofthemicrocontroller.Theinputfromthegatesensorcircuitrywillalsobefedtothemicrocontrollerinput.Gatesensorsconsistofacombinationofaphoto-emissive diode and a photo-detectordiode.Asapersonentersthroughthegatethelightemittedbythephoto-emissivediodewillbeblockedandhencethecircuitofthedetectorandemissivediodecombinationwillbreak.Acommonbaseconfigurationtransistorisusedtohelptransistorworkasaswitchandsendanegativeinputtothemicrocontrollerwheneverthecircuitbreaks.ThiswillactivatetheMCUforfurtheroperations.
TheATMEL89S52microcontrollerissoprogrammedthatitreceivestheinputfromthesensors,getsactivatedanddisplaysthedesiredinformationonLCD.Ithasabuzzerconnectedtooneofitsport.Howevertheoutputcurrentfromthemicrocontrollerwillnotbeenoughtoactivatethebuzzer.ToovercomethissituationaDarlingtonpairisusedtoincreasethecurrentgainandhenceactivatethebuzzer.Anotherpinoutputwillbeconnectedtotheshootermountedon thesteppermotorwhich will be activatedelectronically. It againhas aDarlingtontransistorpairtoincreasethecurrentgainandhence activate the shooter, once the steppermotor has rotated to the direction of theintrusion.
A 16X2 LCD is used which displays thedirectionofthepersonintrusion.ItusestheASCIIcodesofthecharacterstodisplaythemonitsboard.ThemicrocontrollerisprogrammedtosendstheASCIIcodesofthecharacterstobedisplayedinthesetof8bitstothedatapinsoftheLCD.
Oneoutputportofthemicrocontrollerisconnected to the input oftheULN2003A IC.FouroutputsforthemovementofthemotorinfourdirectionfouroutputofthemicrocontrollerarefedtotheinputsoftheULN2003A.Anotherlimitationofthesteppermotoristhegenerationofback-emfwhichmaycauseaconsiderabledamagetothecircuit.Toovercomethissituationfourdiodescanbeusedwillworkasswitches.Theywillopencircuitforthereversebiasconditionswheneversteppermotorsendssomeback-emftothecircuit.
Thesteppermotorrequiresasufficientamountofcurrentforitsproperworking.ThelossinthecurrentisrecoveredbyuseoftheULN2003AIC.Itconsistsof7Darlingtontransistorarrayswhichhelpinincreasingthecurrentgain.
7.ALGORITHM
Thesystemworkswiththefollowingstepstogetthedesiredoutput:
i.ContinuousMonitoringbythePIRsensorsandthegatesensor.
ii.IftheoutputofthePIRsensorgoes‘HIGH’,itinvertedbythe4049ICandthemicrocontrollerisactivated.Elsethesystemgoestostepvi.
iii.MicrocontrollerdisplaysthedirectionofintrusionontheLCD,andtriggersthealarm.IfthePIRoutputis‘HIGH’systemgoestostepivelsesystemgoestostepv.
iv.StepperMotorisactivatedwhichrotatestothedirectionofintrusionandactivatestheshooter.
v.Thesystemisresettoresetthepositionofshooteronthesteppermotor.
vi.Theoutputofthegatesensorischeckediftheintrusionisfromthegate.Iftheintrusionisfromgate, the system jumps to step iii. Else thesystemgoestostepi.
8.FLOWCHART
Figure6showstheflowchartdiagramofthesystemtoexplainthestepsofhowthesystemwillaccordingly.
9.RESULT
Thesystemwastestedbyimplementingthedesign steps discussed earlier. The CD wasfounddisplayingthecorrectdataforallthecasesofintrusion.WhenthesystemwasturnedONthefollowingmessagewasbeingdisplayed.
Fortheintrusiondetectedbytheothersensorswereasfollows:
The stepper motor was found workingaccuratelytopointtothecorrectdirectionoftheintrusion.Theshooterwasactivatedoncethesteppermotorhadcompleteditsrotationtothecorrectdirection.Thisisshowninfigure11.
10.CONCLUSION
InthispaperAdvancedPIRbasedsecuritysystemhasbeenproposed.Thedisplayoftheintrusiondirectionwasfoundaccurateanddisplayed on the LCD. However,thesteppermotorhastobesettoperfectnorthdirectiontomake it rotate to the correct position ofintrusion.Apartfromthatnolimitationwasfound.
11.REFERENCES
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Haider Imtiaz, Muhammad Moinul Azam,
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